Investigating the Global and Specific Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Investigating the Global and Specific Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions from the Petroleum Downstream Industry of Kuwait

Presented by:

• Dr. Sultan Al-Salem

Petroleum Research Center Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research

5th Technology Innovations Conference & Exposition.

2nd November 2014, Kuwait

• 1. Introductory Remark
• 2. Objectives of this work
• 3. Methods of estimation and calculations
• 4. Results obtained and analysis
• 5. Conclusions & Future Work

Presentation Agenda

Our Solar System

GHGs

GHG GHG

• Sunlight heats the

earth

• Some of sun’s energy

is reradiated from surface.

• GHGs absorb this

energy

• GHGs reradiate

some escaping energy back towards surface, making the temperature warmer

GHG

Original slide from PCC (Washington University)

GHE#2 - humans

Human-caused Global Warming

Original slide from PCC (Washington University)

U.S.

186.1

European Union

127.8

Russia

68.4

Ukraine

21.7

Poland 14.4 China

57.6

Japan

31.2

Australia

7.6

India

15.5

Kazakhstan

10.1

South Africa

8.5

Canada

14.9

Mexico

7.8

Trinidad and Tobago

UAE

Kuwait

Total CO2 emissions. Between 1950-2001 in billions of tons.

TIME magazine, 2001

US: 4% of world’s total population 25% of the world’s greenhouse gases China: 25% of the world’s population 8.5% of the world’s greenhouse gases (since 1950)

Introductory Remark

• A member of OPEC, Kuwait is the world's 10th largest oil

producer.

• Kuwait's economy is heavily dependent on petroleum export

revenues.

• Energy policy is set by

the Supreme Petroleum Council.

• KPC manages domestic

And foreign petroleum Investments.

Motivation & Work Objectives

• 1. Study the current routes of processing in the petroleum

refining industry in Kuwait and detail all CO2 sources in the refinery sites;

• 2. Estimate the amount of CO2 emissions based on the

sources identified from each refinery; and

• 3. Develop specific EF for units based on carbon contribution.

• 1. HP Units:
• 2. FCC:
• 3. Flaring:
• 4. Heaters & Furnaces:
• 5. AGR & Condensate:
• 6. Electrical Import:

Methods

2 2 2 2

) 1 2 ( H n CO n O H n H C

n n

   

 2 2 2

2H CO O H CO   

) 4 1 .( .UC HPR HPC 

UC SG cf OC CFP . . . 158 . 

Carbon production Capacity

• Sp. Grav.

) ( 12 . 3 RT FCE 

Fuel CO2 (kg/GJ) Natural Gas Fuel Oil LPG 50.6 68.6 58.7 Table 1: Emission factors for CO2 based on fuel type used in this work.

Current Refineries Assessment

Table 2: Existing Refineries in Kuwait Key Characteristics.

Refinery Total Area (km2) Year of Commissioning Refining Capacity (Mbpd) MAA 10.5 1949 466 SHU 1.3 1966 200 MAB 7.8 1958 270

Sources were allocated and identified based on the following categories: 1. Hydrogen Production via SMR. 2. Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) Unit in MAA Refinery 3. Heaters (Units' Utilities) 4. Flaring. 5. Acid gas removal process. 6. Electrical import (not within refinery boundaries).

Source MAA SHU MAB

Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) Fired Heaters Acid Gas Removal (AGR) Flaring Hydrogen Production (HP) Units Electricity Load Total (Mtpa) % of Total in Kuwait (w/o Electrical Import)

0.33 3.55 0.03-1.16 0.07 0.71 770 3.78 48 N/ A 2.45 0.01 0.03 0.73 379 3.22 28 N/ A 2.12 N/ A 0.04 0.72 573 2.88 24

Table 3: Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emission (Million Tons per Annum) from the Three Existing Refineries in Kuwait

Assessment Results

Source Distribution Among Each Refinery

• MAA, due to various sources gives a classical

representation of refinery carbon distribution.

• Amount of emission from flaring is related to

refinery capacity.

• HP units feed effect.
• Utilities are always a

major contributor.

Fig.1. Distribution in MAA. Fig.3. Distribution in SHU Fig.2. Distribution in MAB

Results Discussion

• HP units’ contribution

in the country is evenly spread between the three refineries (Fig.4).

• Heaters emission from MAA account for

50% of the total in Kuwait.

Fig.4. Dist. HP Emissions in Kuwait. Fig.5. Utilities Unit Contribution (tpa CO2).

• Hydrogen

generation and topping units constitute the majority of carbon emission from their utilities.

Specific Efs:

Process Specific CO2 emission Notes Atmospheric Distillation Vacuum Distillation Hydrogen Production (HP) via SMR Hydrocracking Residual Desulfurization CE = 1.4 TP CE = 1.5 TP CE = 112 TP + 0.25(HP) CE = 1.1 TP CE = 0.28 TP

• Throughput and production rate are based on million tons

per hour. Hydrocracking uses about 54 m3H2/m3feed (Gary and Handwerk, 1994); which should be added to the formulation depending on the unit throughput. Desulfurization H2 flow should be added depending on the unit throughput.

• Distillation units were formulated based on the heaters and furnaces

direct heat (energy) supply to the units.

• Atmospheric and vacuum distillation use about 45% of refineries energy

due to topping separation units.

• SMR is also one of the most energy intensive operations in refineries,

where H2 is produced.

• Refineries face a lot of challenges in carbon emissions mitigation

especially when considering the changes in fuel mix, energy process, increasing fuel quality demands and heavier crude feeds.

• The emission rates of these refineries were estimated at 3.78, 3.2

and 2.88 mtpa.

• The specific refinery emission rate could be estimated for MAA,

SHU and MAB at 8.1, 16 and 1.6 ton CO2/bbl processed per day.

Conclusions I

Conclusions II

• The estimates show Kuwait’s downstream sector as a major carbon

emitter that needs energy and operation optimization in a more environmentally friendly manner.

• The analysis revealed that utilities (mainly fired heaters) in current
• perating refineries constitute the major share of carbon emissions

(62-74%).

• This could be managed with an energy optimization strategy and a

collection of stack gases that could reduce the carbon footprint of this structure in the near future.

• HP units, which can contribute up to 25% of current refineries

carbon load, can be an ideal candidate for capture projects in the future.

• Operational utilities and space availability are two major advantages

for such units to be considered for future capture projects.

• Optimally, carbon emissions will reduce in Kuwait after taking into

account direct heat requirements of units in the near future for better utilization of recovered heat.

Conclusions III

Thank you