Chlorine Dioxide Presentation For Daparak, Inc Slide 1
Agenda � Who We Are � Markets and Application Areas � Product and Services We Offer � Chlorine Dioxide Applications � Chlorine Dioxide Generation � Analytical Equipment � References/Estimated Costs/Questions Slide 2
Who We Are - Overview � Sherri Downing – General Manager/Owner � Ben Fox – Operations Manager/Owner � Martin Doughty – Warehouse/Logistics Manager � Mark Kern – Technical Services Manager � Parker Downing – Web Designer/Office Assistant � Andy Urbanowski - GENESYS Design Consultant Slide 3
Who We Are - Overview � Premier municipal water treatment service company � Full line of water treatment products and services focused on municipal potable water and wastewater needs � Regional player in the US Municipal Water Market covering Midwest (MO, KS, OK, NE, AR, IA, IL,TX,LA) � State of the art, low cost manufacturing and distribution facility located in La Cygne, KS � Women Owned - Small Business � Company owned box truck with liftgate for deliveries Slide 4
Who We Are - Overview Slide 5
Applications � Algae Control � Filtration Aids � Aeration Basins � Iron & Manganese Removal � Biofilm/ Legionella Control � Odor & Corrosion Control � Clarification � Preoxidation Technology � Color Removal � Process Aids � Cooling Water � Process Water � Contaminant Destruction � Solids Handling � Dewatering � Taste & Odor Control � Disinfection � THM & HAA 5 Control � Effluent Treatment � TOC Reduction � Emulsion Separation � Wastewater Systems Slide 6
Products � Sodium Chlorite -25% � Sodium Hypochlorite – 12.5% � Liquid Ammonium Sulfate (LAS) � Hydrochloric Acid – 15% � Liquid Sodium Permanganate � Powdered Activated Carbon � Coagulants – Liquid Alum & � Copper Sulfate – 25% ACH � Iron Salts (Ferric & Ferrous) � Proprietary Coagulants � Sulfuric Acid – 98%, 93%, 70% � Polymers – Solution and � Sodium Hydroxide - 50%, 25% Emulsion (Caustic Soda) –Diaphragm, � Corrosion Inhibitors Membrane � Sequestering Agents � Dry Potassium Permanganate Slide 7
Products and Services Equipment � Modular dosing equipment (pumps)- Grundfos � Chlorine dioxide generation equipment – GENESYS chlorine dioxide unit � Corrosion test racks � Analytical test equipment- GE TOC unit Slide 8
Technical Services Offering Services � Technical evaluations � Engineered installations � System monitoring and maintenance � Inventory Management � Turn key installations � Seven-day 24 hour emergency service Slide 9
Chlorine Dioxide Slide 10
Why Chlorine Dioxide for Municipal Water Treatment ? � Extremely effective primary and post -disinfectant � Inactivates Giardia Lamblia and Cryptosporidium oocysts � No strong pH dependence with disinfection efficiency � Strong chemical oxidant - taste and odor control, color removal, iron and manganese removal � Does not form brominated or chlorinated trihalomethanes (THM’s) or haloacetic acids (HAA’s) � Does not react with bromides or ammonia � Enhances coagulation and filtration � Controls zebra mussels EPA Guidance Manual Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants. April 1999. � Biofilm Slide 11
Chlorine Dioxide for Municipal Water Treatment - USA C A N A D A Lake Superior Maine North Dakota Minnesota Lake Ontario South Dakota RI Wyoming Nebraska DE Colorado Kansas Oklahoma A T L A N T I C New Mexico O C E A N T e x a s M E X I C O G U L F O F A R C T I C O C E A N M E X I C O A l a s k a B E R I N G S E A 0 50 100 200 MI. 0 50 100 200 KM. Scale (Approx..) Scale (Approx..) 0 75 150 300 Miles 0 50 100 Miles Slide 12
Disinfection By Products (DBPs) Slide 13
Trihalomethanes (THM) � THMs are a class of organic compounds formed when three of the hydrogen atoms in the methane molecule are replaced with three halogen atoms (chlorine or bromine). � Regulated at 80 ppb. Slide 14
Haloacetic Acids (HAA 5 ) � Haloacetic Acids are a group of chemicals formed when free chlorine reacts with naturally occurring matter (NOM) in water. � There are nine (9) known Haloacetic Acids � Currently only five of the HAAs are regulated by EPA. � Regulated at 60 ppb Slide 15
DBP’s Reduction Alternatives � Low capital easily implemented — Changing chlorination application point — Optimization of sedimentation & filtration — Use of multiple disinfectants (chloramines) — Use of chlorine dioxide � High capital/long lead times — Granular activated carbon ( GAC ) — Membrane filtration — Ozone/GAC Slide 16
Replacing Cl 2 with ClO 2 The conversion from Cl 2 to ClO 2 as a disinfectant occurs easily since we use the same injection points for both chemicals Slide 17
Regulations � USEPA: - MRDL = 0.8 mg/L chlorine dioxide � Disinfection by-products (DBPs) THMs 80 µ g/L HAAs 60 µ g/L Chlorite 1 mg/L Bromate 10 µ g/L Slide 18
Other Chlorine Dioxide Applications Slide 19
Disinfection with ClO 2 � Broad spectrum biocide and viricide — Effective against bacteria, viruses, spores, fungi, molds, algae and biofilm � Effective against Giardia and Cryptosporidium � Lower CT values for compliance � Maintains disinfection efficacy at pH 9 or higher Slide 20
Taste & Odor Control � May not be one chemical solution � Geosmin particularly difficult to remove � Limited to the amount of ClO 2 you can add (MCL - of 1.0 mg/L) for ClO 2 � Consider a combination of chemical solutions — Oxidant and PAC (carbon) — Oxidants at low levels with enhanced coagulation Slide 21
Fe and Mn Oxidation � Rapid oxidation of soluble manganese — 0.49-2.45 parts ClO 2 oxidizes 1 part manganese depending on pH > 7 � Oxidizes Fe +2 to Fe +3 — 0.25-1.2 parts of ClO 2 oxidizes 1 part of iron depending on pH > 5 � Improved settling and longer filter runs Slide 22
Zebra Mussel Control � Studies and practical experience show control of zebra mussels � Apply through diffuser ring at intake � Evansville, IN and Brockport, NY (several years) Andrews, B., B. Karney and G. Ranger. 2001. Chlorine Dioxide Trial as a Post Disinfectant in Wiarton, Ontario. International Symposium on Chlorine Dioxide. � Veliger Control at 0.25-0.50 ppm continuous feed Slide 23
ClO 2 Application Points � Raw water — Algae Control — Biofilm Control — Macrofouling (Zebra Mussel/Clams) � Presettled water — THM/ Mn � Secondary basin – Iron and Mn � Prior to filtration for trace residual � Distribution System — Chlorite inhibits nitrification — Can use in conjunction with Chloramines for post disinfection Slide 24
Chlorine Dioxide Generation Slide 25
What is Chlorine Dioxide? � Odor - similar to chlorine � Color - yellow - green � Density - about 2.4 times that of air � Highly soluble in water � Threshold odor -0 .1 PPM � Solutions produced for potable water treatment range between 0.1% and 0.5% � Unstable as gas so must be generated on site and absorbed into water Slide 26
How Is ClO 2 Supplied? � Chlorine dioxide is generated at point of use — DOT forbids road transport of ClO 2 — Liquefied pure gas too energetic – heat, light and shock sensitive � End user purchases a process designed to deliver product upon demand � Product quality varies with process � Generator capacities range from pounds/day to tons/day Slide 27
Principles of ClO 2 Generation � Produced from one of two precursors — Sodium chlorate (NaClO 3 ) — Sodium chlorite (NaClO 2 ) � Chemistry is either…... — Acid conversion using mineral or organic acids — Conversion involving chlorine in some form: aqueous chlorine; gaseous chlorine; bleach plus acid to produce chlorine in generator — Electrochemical Slide 28
Chlorine Dioxide Generators Activation Method Generator Suppliers 1-Chemical Systems Electrochemical PureLine (NaClO 2 ) 2-Chemical Systems ProMinent/ Grundfos/IDI NaClO 2 / Direct HCl (NaClO 2 / HCl) Vapor phase Cl 2 Sabre/D&F/Siemens 2-Chemical Solid Matrix CDG (Severn Trent) Systems (NaClO 2 / Cl 2 ) Aqueous Cl 2 IDI/ Capital Controls/ Siemens Vapor Phase Sabre/D&F/Siemens 3-Chemical NaClO 2 / NaOCl/ HCl Systems IDI/ Capital Controls Low pH (NaClO 2 / NaClO 3 ) NaClO 3 / H 2 SO 4 / H 2 O 2 Eka Chemicals Slide 29
2-Chemical ClO 2 Generation Molecular Chlorine Conversion of Chlorite � Overall reaction simple and very efficient 2NaClO 2 + Cl 2 2ClO 2 + 2NaCl 2 chlorites give 2 chlorine dioxides = 100% — Maximum theoretical efficiency = 100% � Maximum practical efficiency = 95-98% Slide 30
2 Chemical System – Sabre/D&F Slide 31
3-Chemical ClO 2 Generation Hypochlorite/Acid Conversion of Chlorite � Generation of chlorine in situ � Two step reaction NaOCl + 2HCl Cl 2 + NaCl + H 2 O (1) 2NaClO 2 + Cl 2 2ClO 2 + 2NaCl (2) 2 chlorites form 2 chlorine dioxides = 100% — Maximum theoretical efficiency = 100% — Achievable practical efficiency = 95-98% Slide 32
3-Chemical ClO2 Generation - Sabre Slide 33
3-Chemical ClO2 Generation - Sabre Slide 34
PLC Control Box – D&F Slide 35
Touch Screen – D&F Slide 36
Alarm Screen Slide 37
Built In Analog Diagnostics Slide 38
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