Introduction to Solar Energy Solar Light II Week 1.6.2 Arno Smets - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Introduction to Solar Energy Solar Light II Week 1.6.2 Arno Smets

` (Source: NASA)

Atmosphere ~ 8,000km Earth’s Diameter 12,800km Solar Constant: Entry point into atmosphere Intensity ~ 1,350 W/m 2 Atmosphere

Extraterrestrial solar spectrum Spectral Power Density(W/m 2 /nm) 2.5 UV Visibl Infrared e Sunlight Top of the Atmosphere 2 5800 K Blackbody Spectrum 1.5 1 0.5 0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 Wavelength (nm)

Extraterrestrial and terrestrial solar spectrum 2.5 UV Visibl Infrared e Sunlight Top of the Atmosphere 2 Spectral Irradiance 5800 K Blackbody Spectrum (W/m 2 /nm) 1.5 1 Radiation at Sea Level H 2 O 0.5 H 2 O Absorption Bands O 2 H 2 O CO 2 H 2 O H 2 O O 3 0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 Wavelength (nm)

Losses in Solar Radiation Incoming Solar 4% 20% 6% Radiation 100% Reflected by Atmosphere Reflected by Clouds 19% Absorbed by Atmosphere and Clouds Reflected from 51% Absorbed at Surface Surface

Sunlight Sunlight Atmosphere

Air mass 1  AM os q c X Y q

Irradiance and spectral power density for AM1.5 2.00 1000 1.75 1.50 Irradiance I (Wm -2 ) P( l ) (Wm -2 nm -1 ) 800 1.25 600 1.00 AM1.5 0.75 400 0.50 200 0.25 0 0.00 0 500 3500 4000 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Wavelength (nm)

Spectral Photon Flux and Spectral Power Density l  l  l ( ) P ( ) hc

Photon Flux and Spectral Photon Flux l     l l ( ) d 0

Relation Irradiance and spectral power density for AM1.5 5 5 Photon flux  (10 21 s -1 m -2 ) 4 Spectral photon flux 4 (10 18 s -1 m -2 nm -1 ) 3 3 AM1.5 2 2 1 1 0 0 350 400 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Wavelength (nm) 0 0

Solar irradiation on Earth 1 sun hour = 1 kWh/m 2 = 1000 W/m 2 x 1 hour

Solar irradiation on Earth Nominal power Module 100 W p (power generated under 1000 W/m 2 , AM1.5)

Solar irradiation on Earth The Netherlands: 2.7 sun hours/day/year

Solar irradiation on Earth Output per day: 100 W p x 2.7 sunhours =270 Wh Per year: 98.6 kWh

UVB UVA Visible Infrared 1.0 Response [arbitrary units] 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 100 200 300 400 500 1000 2000 3000 4000 Wavelength [nm] Clear Hazy Cloudy figure 3: spectral shift in diffuse irradiance with sky type

Diffuse Radiation

BSRN-Station Lindenberg, 05-03-2004 1000 Global, Diffuse, Direct, Atmospheric [W/m 2 ] 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour [UTC] Global Diffuse Direct Atmosphere Source: DWD, Meteorologisches Observatorium Lindenberg diurnal variation of irriadiance on 05-03-2004

Dome Black Coating Thermopile U out Heatsink

BSRN-Station Lindenberg, 05-03-2004 1000 Global, Diffuse, Direct, Atmospheric [W/m 2 ] 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour [UTC] Global Diffuse Direct Atmosphere Source: DWD, Meteorologisches Observatorium Lindenberg diurnal variation of irriadiance on 05-03-2004

BSRN-Station Lindenberg, 06-03-2004 1000 Global, Diffuse, Direct, Atmospheric [W/m 2 ] 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour [UTC] Global Diffuse Direct Atmosphere Source: DWD, Meteorologisches Observatorium Lindenberg diurnal variation of irriadiance on 06-03-2004

` (Source: NASA)