Introduction to Nexus Approaches for Sustainable Use of - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Introduction to Nexus Approaches for Sustainable Use of Environmental Resources

The 12th Policy Consultation Forum of Seoul Initiative Network on Green Growth

21-23 June, 2017

Bijon Kumer Mitra

Water Resource Specialist

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Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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Three shocking statistics for Asia and Pacific Region

Food

512 million undernourished live in Asia (FAO, 2014)

Water

Nearly 1.7 billion people in the Asia and Pacific region do not have access to improved drinking water (UNESCAP, 2015)

Energy

Nearly 350 million people have no access to modern form of energy (IEA, 2011)

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where we are heading for?

Food, water and energy security are not going to be ensured in Asia

Risk to Security

• f Supply

Water

40% shortfall by 2030

Food

Food demand + 50%

Energy

Annual elec. demand +5%

Population Economic growth Resource intensive lifestyle Resource intensive production system Inadequate legislation and enforcement Uncoordinated sectoral planning Finance Knowledge gap

Challenges

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Inherent interdependent nature of water energy and food security

Water security Population growth, urbanization, climate change

By 2050, Indian energy sector’s water demand will reach to 90 BCM, which is about 8% of total utilizable water (IGES, 2013)

Incentives to bio-fuel production are the cause of rising global food price, put burden on the poor (World Bank, 2008)

About 7% of total world’s energy consumption is accounted for water delivery (Hoffman, 2004) Indian agricultural sector accounts 18% of the total electricity consumption (CWC, 2010)

Food security Energy security

Agriculture accounts about 80% of water withdrawals

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Network of Interlinkage of FWE Targets in SDGs

Weitz et al., 2014

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WEF Nexus Opportunity Areas

Increase policy coherence Accelerate access Create more with less End waste minimize losses Value natural infrastructure Mobilize consumer influence

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1983

UNU FE Nexus programme FEE nexus

• conf. in Brazil

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Energy was acknowledged as pillar of Nexus at Kyoto World Water Forum

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Bonn Nexus conference

2011 2013

UN-ESCAP published The status WFEN in AP

2014

NC Nexus Conf.

2017

Dresden nexus conference

Nexus thinking and nexus debate are gaining attention in policy and academic circles

WWDR-5

• n WEN.

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How is the nexus approach different from IWRM

WEF Nexus IWRM Priority Equal priority to all sectors Tends to prioritize a particular sector, i.e. water Principle Integrated policy solutions principle Good governance principle Participation Promote collaboration through multi- stakeholder platform Stakeholder involvement in decision making Decision making Environmentally and economically rational decision making Efficient allocation and equitable access Sustainable development Resource security Demand management

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Nexus is not explicitly reflected the major agreements, but critical for country actions

• Each

country is primarily responsible to make implementation plan of sustainable development

• Current unilateral sectoral approach, causes unintended

trade-offs and conflicts among relevant sectors or areas, will hindering sustainable development

• The country will be the main sufferer, if it fails to address

how the efforts to attain sectoral goal and targets would effect each other

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Conflict of interest over water (Case of India)

Water stress level Water scarce Water stressed Moderate water availability Water abundant In Kerala, power cuts

• rdered to deal with water

scarcity in 2008 when monsoon rainfall was 65% less than normal (Source: Thaindian News, 2008) In Orissa State, farmers protested the increasing rate

• f water allocation for

thermal power and industrial use (UNEP Finance Initiative, 2010) In Madhay Pradesh, power cuts was made to alleviate the water shortage in the region in 2006 (Source: The Hindustan Times, 2006) Parli thermal power plant in Maharashtra were shut down because of severe water shortage in the Marathwada region (NDTV, 2013) Opposition to Adani power projects is growing in local community due to threats to drinking water and irrigation water availability (The Times

• f India, 2011)

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Water supply-demand gap scenario- case of India

200 400 600 800 1000 2010 2030 2050 Billion Cubic Meter Energy Industry Agriculture Domestic Total surface water demand Available surface water

No surface water left to meet additional demand beyond 2040 Surface water resources Note: Generally, Thermal power plants use surface water for its cooling

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Policy intervention to restrict water use for thermal power plants-Case of India

Source: Mitra et al., 2016 Need approx. 3 billion USD investment (Source: Bosh, 2016)

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Water scarcity mitigation options in energy sector

Gradual transition to more water efficient cooling technology options

5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 S1 (BAU) S2 MCM 2010 2030 2050 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 S1 (BAU) S3 MCM 2010 2030 2050

S1:25% of the thermal power capacity will continue with open loop cooling system S2: All open loop system will be phase out by 2030 S3: open loop cooling system will be replaced by dry cooling system by 2030

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Potential of irrigation WUE improvement in India

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2 4 6 8 10 12 10% WUE 20% WUE 30% WUE 10% WUE 20% WUE 30% WUE Investment GDP gain Billion USD Bangladesh India Pakistan Source: Prepared based on Taheripuri et al. 2016

Economic implication of WUE improvement in South Asian countries

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Required billions dollars investment for 20% irrigation WUE in South Asia

GDP gain by 6.6 billion USD Save 102 BCM water Save 82000 GWh electricity Reduce CO2 emission by 72 million tons

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Rearrangement

• f

agricultural subsidies can generate necessary investment cost

×

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Build up partnership can promote positive nexus

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Joint visioning and shared goals Coordination

• f sectoral

strategies Regulations and policy instrument Regulate/pr

• mote

nexus smart investment

Enabling Framework for Operationalization of “Nexus Approach”

Thank you very much

For further contact: Bijon Kumer Mitra Water Resource Specialist Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, 2108-11 Kamiyamaguchi Hayama, Japan 240-0115 E-mail: b-mitra@iges.or.jp