Introduction to Drugs 1 University of Hawaii Hilo Pre -Nursing - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Introduction to Drugs 1 University of Hawai‘i Hilo Pre -Nursing Program NURS 203 – General Pharmacology Danita Narciso Pharm D

Learning objectives 2  Understand and differentiate between a broad definition of a drug and a medical definition  Understand the advantages of drugs created from natural sources and drugs synthesized in the lab  Know the characteristics of the clinical trial phases  Know the characteristics of the perfect drug  Know the advantages and disadvantages of each dosage form discussed

3 What is a drug? Substances that act on biological systems at the chemical level and alter their  Is this a drug? function.  Tylenol

4 What is a drug? Substances that act on biological systems at the chemical level  Is this a drug? and alter their  Tylenol function.  Yes

5 What is a drug? Substances that act on biological systems at the chemical level  Is this a drug? and alter their  Tylenol function.  Yes  Alcohol

6 What is a drug? Substances that act on biological systems  Is this a drug? at the chemical level  Tylenol and alter their  Yes function.  Alcohol  Yes

7 What is a drug? Substances that act on biological systems  Is this a drug? at the chemical level  Tylenol and alter their  Yes function.  Alcohol  Yes  Grapefruit juice

8 What is a drug? Substances that act  Is this a drug? on biological systems  Tylenol at the chemical level  Yes and alter their  Alcohol function.  Yes  Grapefruit juice  Yes

What is a drug? 9  Medical definition  Substances used in the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of disease in humans or animals.  Tylenol?  Alcohol?  Grapefruit juice?

What is a drug? 10

What is a drug? 11

What is a drug? 12 Dosage Drug Form

Where do drugs come from? 13  Synthetic sources  Natural sources  Plants  Plants (power), nah…. The lab  ____________  Animals  ____________  Minerals  ____________

A new drug is born! 14  No longer guessing  Investigational New Drug (IND) application  Clinical trials  Phase I  ___________  Phase II  ___________  Phase III  ___________  Phase IV  ____________  Expedited approval  _____________

The perfect drug 15  Would exert a desirable action  Have no side effects – or very few  Reach its destination at the right concentration at the right time  Not overstay its welcome – remain at its site of action for only for the necessary period of time  Leave when the job is done – rapidly and completely

How do drugs attempt to reach 16 perfection?  Delivery or dosage forms  Oral  Intravenous  Intramuscular  Subcutaneous  Buccal and sublingual  Inhalation  Topical  Rectal  Transdermal

Oral 17  Swallowed  Tablet, capsule, syrups, and suspensions  Must get absorbed into the blood stream and delivered to the site of action

Intravenous 18  Straight into the vasculature  Injectable – arteries and veins  Absorption not necessary

Intramuscular 19  Into the muscle  Many vaccinations  Not 100% bioavailable, faster absorption than oral

Subcutaneous 20  Fatty layer of the skin  Insulin and lovenox  Slower absorption than intramuscular but anticoagulants ok

Buccal and sublingual 21  Absorbed through mucosal tissue and under the tongue  Nicotine gum and Zofran ODT  Avoids metabolism, can be absorbed fast or slow

Inhalation 22  Into the lung tissue  Inhaler devices and nebulizers  Closest to target tissues, coordination issues

Topical 23  Not just for the skin – eye, ear, nose, throat, airway, vagina  Lozenges, drops, sprays, creams, and ointments  Local effects, absorption varies

Rectal 24  Suppository  Antiemetics, antipyretics, & antiepileptics  Some first pass effect, helpful for those who cannot swallow

Transdermal 25  To the skin  Fentanyl patch, nicotine patch, & Vivelle dot  For SYSTEMIC effects

Questions 26 Please email me if you have any questions!