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Introduction John A. Goldsmith September 26, 2011 () September - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Introduction John A. Goldsmith September 26, 2011 () September 26, 2011 1 / 42 Aspects of language explored by linguistics Individual Social Synchronic (at a moment in time) Diachronic (change over time) Formal Phonology Morphology

  1. Introduction John A. Goldsmith September 26, 2011 () September 26, 2011 1 / 42

  2. Aspects of language explored by linguistics Individual Social Synchronic (at a moment in time) Diachronic (change over time) Formal Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics Relations to biology (species; individual development) () September 26, 2011 2 / 42

  3. Some basic language literacy Language in the world today: How many? Ethnologue currently lists 6,909. Dialects Language families () September 26, 2011 3 / 42

  4. Ethnologue “language criteria”: not just a linguistic matter Two related varieties are normally considered varieties of the same language [dialects] if 1 speakers of each variety have inherent understanding of the other variety at a functional level (that is, can understand based on knowledge of their own variety without needing to learn the other variety). Ex: British/American/Australian etc. English Where spoken intelligibility between varieties is marginal, the existence of a common 2 literature or of a common ethnolinguistic identity with a central variety that both understand can be a strong indicator that they should nevertheless be considered varieties of the same language. Ex: Arabic Where there is enough intelligibility between varieties to enable communication, the 3 existence of well-established distinct ethnolinguistic identities can be a strong indicator that they should nevertheless be considered to be different languages. Ex: Norwegian/Swedish/Danish, Bosnian/Serbian/Croatian... () September 26, 2011 4 / 42

  5. World language families () September 26, 2011 5 / 42

  6. Indo-European () September 26, 2011 6 / 42

  7. Indo-European () September 26, 2011 7 / 42

  8. Indo-European () September 26, 2011 8 / 42

  9. Indo-European () September 26, 2011 9 / 42

  10. Indo-European () September 26, 2011 10 / 42

  11. Indo-Iranian () September 26, 2011 11 / 42

  12. Languages of Afghanistan () September 26, 2011 12 / 42

  13. Languages of the Indian subcontinent () September 26, 2011 13 / 42

  14. Dravidian languages () September 26, 2011 14 / 42

  15. Uralic languages () September 26, 2011 15 / 42

  16. Altaic languages () September 26, 2011 16 / 42

  17. Turkic languages () September 26, 2011 17 / 42

  18. Languages of the Caucausus () September 26, 2011 18 / 42

  19. Languages of Africa () September 26, 2011 19 / 42

  20. Afro-Asiatic languages () September 26, 2011 20 / 42

  21. Sino-Tibetan languages () September 26, 2011 21 / 42

  22. Austroasiatic languages () September 26, 2011 22 / 42

  23. Austronesian languages () September 26, 2011 23 / 42

  24. Languages of Australia () September 26, 2011 24 / 42

  25. Papuan languages That which is not Austronesian or Australian The most linguistically diverse region in the world?? 800+ languages in 20+ families () September 26, 2011 25 / 42

  26. Papuan languages – East & West New Britian () September 26, 2011 26 / 42

  27. Pre-contact languages of North America () September 26, 2011 27 / 42

  28. Pre-contact languages of North America () September 26, 2011 28 / 42

  29. Indigenous languages of Mexico () September 26, 2011 29 / 42

  30. Post-contact languages of South America () September 26, 2011 30 / 42

  31. Pre-contact languages of South America () September 26, 2011 31 / 42

  32. Languages of Amazonia () September 26, 2011 32 / 42

  33. Some famous language isolates Basque (Spain, France) Burushaski (Pakistan) Ainu (Hokkaido, Sakhalin, Kuril Islands) () September 26, 2011 33 / 42

  34. Other language type often not on these maps Pidgins and creoles Signed languages (ASL [American Sign Language], BSL, LSQ, etc.) () September 26, 2011 34 / 42

  35. Top 20 most-spoken languages, in millions of native speakers 1 Mandarin 845 German 90 11 2 Spanish 329 Javanese 85 12 3 English 328 Wu (Shanghaiese) 77 13 4 Hindi-Urdu 240 Telugu 70 14 5 Arabic 206 French 68 15 6 Bengali 181 Vietnamese 69 16 7 Portuguese 178 Korean 66 17 8 Russian 144 Tamil 66 18 9 Japanese 122 Italian 62 19 10 Punjabi 109 Yue (Cantonese) 56 20 () September 26, 2011 35 / 42

  36. Languages of the World, again () September 26, 2011 36 / 42

  37. The end () September 26, 2011 37 / 42

  38. Distribution of major word order types S, V, O : S(ubject), O(bject), V(erb) How many ways might subject, object, and verb combine? Sam likes raisins. (SVO) 1 Sam raisins likes. (SOV) 2 Likes Sam raisins. (VSO) 3 Likes raisins Sam. (VOS) 4 Raisins Sam likes. (OSV) 5 Raisins likes Sam. (OVS) 6 How often is each type attested? All maps and data from World Atlas of Language Structures database online. () September 26, 2011 38 / 42

  39. Distribution of major word order types () September 26, 2011 39 / 42

  40. Distribution of major word order types () September 26, 2011 40 / 42

  41. Distribution of major word order types () September 26, 2011 41 / 42

  42. Distribution of major word order types () September 26, 2011 42 / 42

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