Introduction John A. Goldsmith September 26, 2011 () September - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Introduction John A. Goldsmith September 26, 2011 () September - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Introduction John A. Goldsmith September 26, 2011 () September 26, 2011 1 / 42 Aspects of language explored by linguistics Individual Social Synchronic (at a moment in time) Diachronic (change over time) Formal Phonology Morphology

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Introduction

John A. Goldsmith September 26, 2011

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Aspects of language explored by linguistics Individual Social

Synchronic (at a moment in time) Diachronic (change over time)

Formal

Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics

Relations to biology (species; individual development)

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Some basic language literacy Language in the world today: How many? Ethnologue currently lists 6,909. Dialects Language families

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Ethnologue “language criteria”: not just a linguistic matter

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Two related varieties are normally considered varieties of the same language [dialects] if speakers of each variety have inherent understanding of the other variety at a functional level (that is, can understand based on knowledge of their own variety without needing to learn the other variety).

Ex: British/American/Australian etc. English

2

Where spoken intelligibility between varieties is marginal, the existence of a common literature or of a common ethnolinguistic identity with a central variety that both understand can be a strong indicator that they should nevertheless be considered varieties

  • f the same language.

Ex: Arabic

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Where there is enough intelligibility between varieties to enable communication, the existence of well-established distinct ethnolinguistic identities can be a strong indicator that they should nevertheless be considered to be different languages.

Ex: Norwegian/Swedish/Danish, Bosnian/Serbian/Croatian...

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World language families

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Indo-European

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Indo-European

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Indo-European

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Indo-European

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Indo-European

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Indo-Iranian

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Languages of Afghanistan

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Languages of the Indian subcontinent

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Dravidian languages

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Uralic languages

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Altaic languages

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Turkic languages

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Languages of the Caucausus

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Languages of Africa

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Afro-Asiatic languages

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Sino-Tibetan languages

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Austroasiatic languages

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Austronesian languages

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Languages of Australia

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Papuan languages That which is not Austronesian or Australian The most linguistically diverse region in the world?? 800+ languages in 20+ families

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Papuan languages – East & West New Britian

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Pre-contact languages of North America

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Pre-contact languages of North America

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Indigenous languages of Mexico

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Post-contact languages of South America

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Pre-contact languages of South America

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Languages of Amazonia

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Some famous language isolates Basque (Spain, France) Burushaski (Pakistan) Ainu (Hokkaido, Sakhalin, Kuril Islands)

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Other language type often not on these maps Pidgins and creoles Signed languages (ASL [American Sign Language], BSL, LSQ, etc.)

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Top 20 most-spoken languages, in millions of native speakers 1 Mandarin 845 German 90 11 2 Spanish 329 Javanese 85 12 3 English 328 Wu (Shanghaiese) 77 13 4 Hindi-Urdu 240 Telugu 70 14 5 Arabic 206 French 68 15 6 Bengali 181 Vietnamese 69 16 7 Portuguese 178 Korean 66 17 8 Russian 144 Tamil 66 18 9 Japanese 122 Italian 62 19 10 Punjabi 109 Yue (Cantonese) 56 20

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Languages of the World, again

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The end

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Distribution of major word order types

S, V, O: S(ubject), O(bject), V(erb)

How many ways might subject, object, and verb combine?

1

Sam likes raisins. (SVO)

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Sam raisins likes. (SOV)

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Likes Sam raisins. (VSO)

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Likes raisins Sam. (VOS)

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Raisins Sam likes. (OSV)

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Raisins likes Sam. (OVS)

How often is each type attested? All maps and data from World Atlas of Language Structures database online.

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Distribution of major word order types

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Distribution of major word order types

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Distribution of major word order types

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Distribution of major word order types

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