Introduction Computing and Programming Concepts Introduction to - - PDF document

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Computer Science

CS108 Lecture 01: Introduction

Computing and Programming Concepts Introduction to Python

Aaron Stevens 16 January 2013

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What You’ll Learn Today

• What is computer science?
• What is a computer?
• What are hardware and software?
• How can computers learn new tricks?
• What is Programming?
• What is Python?

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What is Computer Science?

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CS is NOT Science!

The fundamental ideas of CS are:

• Algorithms
• Protocols
• Encoding Information
• Abstraction

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Algorithm

An algorithm is a sequence of clear and precise step-by-step instructions for solving a problem in a finite amount of time.

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Protocols

A protocol is a set of rules governing the exchange or transmission of data between devices.

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Encoding Example: Braille

Each character is up to 6 dots. Each dot is either on or off.

Invented by Louis Braille (1809-1852).

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Abstraction

Abstraction is about hiding unnecessary details and retaining only the relevant information.

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What is a computer, anyway? Give some examples:

What is a Computer?

A computer takes an input, applies a process, and produces an output.

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What is a Computer?

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Hardware

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Software

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Early History of Computing

Joseph Jacquard (1801) Jacquard’s Loom, the punched card

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What tricks does your computer do?

– Web browsing, email, instant messenger – Play games – Watch movies, organize photos – Word processing, spreadsheets, database

Programmability is the ability to give a general- purpose computer instructions so that it can perform new tasks.

Programmability

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Programming Languages

A program is a sequence of instructions. Spock:

• Computer. This is a Class-A compulsory directive. Compute, to the last digit, the

value of pi.

Computers are not very good at understanding natural languages

• Ambiguity and imprecision
• Dialects, accents, etc

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Programming Languages

Computer languages are exact and unambiguous. Programming is the process of encoding our ideas for the computer:

• Syntax (form)
• Semantics (meaning)

Popular programming languages:

• BASIC, C++, Java, Perl, Python

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Machine Language

Computing hardware performs only a small set of concrete

• perations, which are created in circuitry:

load the number from memory location 2001 into the CPU load the number from memory location 2002 into the CPU add the two numbers in the CPU store the result into location 2003

These instructions must be provided to the CPU as binary

notation (1s and 0s), called machine language

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High Level Languages

Python is a high-level language c = a + b print c High level languages are more natural for us to understand, but need to be translated into the machine language for execution.

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Compiled Language

Source Code (Program) Compiler Machine Code Program Inputs Running Program Outputs

A compiler takes source code, and produces executable machine code (stored in a file on disk). The machine code program is executed by the user. Advantage: speed at time of execution.

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Interpreted Language

Source Code (Program) Computer Running an Interpreter Inputs Outputs

An interpreter takes source code as input, and then compiles each

statement and executes it immediately. Advantage: portability

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The Python Programming Language

CS108 will use the Python programming language. What is Python?

• Python is an interpreted language, with both procedural and object-
• riented features.
• Runs on Windows, Linux/Unix, Mac OS X, OS/2, Amiga, Palm

Handhelds, Nokia mobile phones, and any device which supports Java.

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Introducing Python

Python Interactive Mode, Command Prompt

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Python’s Interactive Mode (Command Line)

Some simple output statements, and a hint of arithmetic

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Python’s Interpreted Mode (Saved Program)

Write code once, run-many

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What You Learned Today

• Computer Science is…
• A Computer is…
• Hardware vs. Software
• Programmability
• Programming Languages
• Machine language vs. high level
• Compiled vs. Intepreted
• Introducing Python
• Interactive (command-line) mode
• Interpreted (saved-program) mode

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Setting up a CS account

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Announcements and To Do List

• Lab 1: Sign up for lab account try out websubmit
• Do this on Thursday.
• Readings:
• Zelle 1.1-1.8 (this week)
• Bring computer to class next time

(with Python and IDLE editor installed) Go to www.python.org to download it.

• VERSION 2.7.3
• http://www.python.org/download/releases/2.7.3/