Introduction & History Artificial Intelligence Lecture 1 Karim - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Introduction & History Artificial Intelligence Lecture 1 Karim Bouzoubaa

Content ¢ What is AI? ¢ What is Intelligence? ¢ AI and other disciplines ¢ History ¢ The state of the art ¢ Application domains ¢ Model of an Intelligent system ¢ The future ¢ Tools Karim Bouzoubaa Artificial Intelligence 2

Exercise Cat Karim Bouzoubaa Artificial Intelligence 3

Lexicon ¢ Artificial Intelligence (AI) ¢ Science fiction ¢ AI : Computer Science Branch Karim Bouzoubaa Artificial Intelligence 4

Introduction ¢ Since 20’s – 30’s ¢ Large use of computer science ¢ Reason : Fast computing ¢ Rapidity ¢ Economic gains, computers don’t get tired l don’t sleep l don’t strike l etc. l Karim Bouzoubaa Artificial Intelligence 5

Is the computer intelligent? ¢ Computer mainly performs instructions ¢ Computer is “ stupid “ ¢ However, the computer cannot l Decides, makes research, designs (by its own) ¢ Computer l Is not creative l Cannot have new ideas, etc. ¢ A computer is not “ intelligent ” ¢ Need: build computers with intelligence Karim Bouzoubaa Artificial Intelligence 6

First definitions of AI ¢ Difference between Man and Machine: 1. Fast computing for machine, don’t get tired, don’t strike, etc. 2. Man creativity, can make previsions, learns, invents, etc. 3. Examples • ‘Car’ : difference in representing information • ‘Horse’ : default knowledge, preferences • ‘Pyramid’ : default reasoning, different types of reasoning 4. Synthesis • Intelligence characterizes Man (up to now), difficult to tackle, to understand • Bring Intelligence to machines in order to help Man in his(er) everyday tasks ¢ Definitions of AI: 1. Simulate Human Intelligence using Machines 2. Understand Human Intelligence (Using computer science models) Karim Bouzoubaa Artificial Intelligence 7

What is Intelligence? ¢ Larousse – Mon premier dictionnaire l L’intelligence est la qualité d’une personne qui comprend vite les choses, apprend facilement et s’adapte bien aux situations nouvelles l Contraire : stupidité ¢ Wikipedia l An intelligence quotient, or IQ, is a score derived from one of several different standardized tests designed to assess intelligence l Standardized tests can't measure initiative, creativity, imagination, conceptual thinking, curiosity, effort, irony, judgment, commitment, nuance, good will, ethical reflection, or a host of other valuable dispositions and attributes. What they can measure and count are isolated skills, specific facts and function, content knowledge, the least interesting and least significant aspects of learning Karim Bouzoubaa Artificial Intelligence 8

What is Intelligence/AI? ¢ Intelligence is first of all a behavior l Human beings, Animals à AI attempts to simulate this behavior l Behavior = perception, understanding, prediction, manipulation, thinking, etc. ¢ How is it possible for a slow, tiny brain, whether biological or electronic, to perceive, understand, predict, manipulate and think? l What is the impact on CS and on our every day life? ¢ It is clear that computers with human level intelligence would have a huge impact on our every day lives and on the future course of civilization ( § State of the art) Karim Bouzoubaa Artificial Intelligence 9

Intelligence and other disciplines ¢ Other disciplines were interested in the study of the intelligence ¢ The study of intelligence is also one of the oldest disciplines. For over 2000 years, philosophers have tried to understand how seeing, learning, remembering, and reasoning could, or should be done Karim Bouzoubaa Artificial Intelligence 10

Intelligence and other disciplines Philosophy Mathematics theories of reasoning and learning we have formal theories of logic, have emerged, along with the probability, decision making and viewpoint that the mind is constituted computation by the operation of a physical system Psychology Linguistics we have the tools with which to we have theories of the structure and investigate the human mind, and a meaning of the language Intelligence scientific language within which to express the resulting theories Computer we have the tools with which to Neuroscience Economics make AI a reality Utility, decision theory Physical substrate of mental activity Karim Bouzoubaa Artificial Intelligence 11

History of AI 1943 McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain ¢ 1950 Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence“ ¢ 1956 Dartmouth meeting: "Artificial Intelligence" adopted ¢ 1952—69 Big hopes! ¢ • Newell and Simon: GPS (General Problem Solver) • McCarty: LISP • Minsky: Micro-Worlds 1966—73 AI discovers computational complexity ¢ Neural network research almost disappears The problem is not as easy as we thought 1969—79 Early development of knowledge-based systems ¢ Expert systems Ed Feigenbaum (Stanford): Knowledge is power! • Dendral (inferring molecular structure from a mass spectrometer). • MYCIN: diagnosis of blood infections Robotic vision applications 1980-- AI becomes an industry ¢ 1986-- Neural networks return to popularity ¢ 1987-- AI becomes a science ¢ 1995-- The emergence of intelligent agents ¢ Karim Bouzoubaa Artificial Intelligence 12

Turing Test ¢ Turing (1950) "Computing machinery and Human Interrogator intelligence": ¢ "Can machines think?" à "Can machines behave intelligently?" ¢ Operational test for intelligent behavior: the Imitation Game ¢ Predicted that by 2000, a machine might have a 30% chance of fooling a lay person for 5 minutes AI system Human ¢ Suggested major components of AI: knowledge, reasoning, language understanding, learning Karim Bouzoubaa Artificial Intelligence 13

More recently ¢ AI turns more scientific, relies on more mathematically sophisticated tools: l Markov models (for speech recognition) l Belief networks (see Office 97) ¢ Focus turns to building useful artifacts as opposed to solving the grand AI problem. Karim Bouzoubaa Artificial Intelligence 14

State of the art ¢ Deep Blue defeated the reigning world chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997 ¢ Proved a mathematical conjecture (Robbins conjecture) unsolved for decades ¢ No hands across America (driving autonomously 98% of the time from Pittsburgh to San Diego) ¢ During the 1991 Gulf War, US forces deployed an AI logistics planning and scheduling program that involved up to 50,000 vehicles, cargo, and people ¢ NASA's on-board autonomous planning program controlled the scheduling of operations for a spacecraft ¢ Proverb solves crossword puzzles better than most humans ¢ And many more … Karim Bouzoubaa Artificial Intelligence 15

State of the art - Deep Blue NEW YORK (CNN) -- He had never lost a chess match. But that all changed after 19 moves Sunday against the Deep Blue IBM computer. Karim Bouzoubaa Artificial Intelligence 16

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State of the art – Equational prover Karim Bouzoubaa Artificial Intelligence 18

State of the art – ALVINN ¢ Autonomous Land Vehicle In a Neural Network ¢ No hands across America (driving autonomously 98% of the time from coast to coast) ¢ 5487 km Karim Bouzoubaa Artificial Intelligence 19

State of the art – 1991 Gulf War ¢ US forces deployed an AI l o g i s t i c s p l a n n i n g a n d scheduling program that involved up to 50,000 vehicles, cargo, and people Karim Bouzoubaa Artificial Intelligence 20

State of the art – NASA ¢ NASA's on-board autonomous planning program controlled the scheduling of operations for a spacecraft ¢ Mission Deep Space 1 (1998) l Agent-based system l Capable to autonomously make decisions Karim Bouzoubaa Artificial Intelligence 21

State of the art – Proverb Proverb (The Probabilistic Cruciverbalist) is a ¢ computerized crossword puzzle solver Proverb solves crossword puzzles better than most ¢ humans It builds on recent advances in computer science on ¢ efficient probabilistic reasoning, information retrieval, data mining, and constraint satisfaction to use a variety of online databases to solve puzzles. An extensive series of tests indicates that Proverb fills ¢ in approximately 90% of the words correctly on an average New York Times crossword puzzle Karim Bouzoubaa Artificial Intelligence 22

AI Fields ¢ K representation: neural nets, semantic nets, etc. ¢ Reasoning: NLP, ≠ kinds of reasoning (case- based, logic, deductive, ...) ¢ Planning (get the robot to find the telephone in the other room) ¢ M a c h i n e L e a r n i n g ( a d a p t t o n e w circumstances) ¢ Machine vision, speech recognition, finding data on the web, robotics, and much more Karim Bouzoubaa Artificial Intelligence 23

Application domains ¢ Games, Theorem prover, Problem resolution ¢ Medical science ¢ Transport ¢ Management ¢ Army ¢ Chemical science ¢ etc. Karim Bouzoubaa Artificial Intelligence 24

General AI Model Other entities Environment Perception Communication Acts Learn Reason General and Actions Planning Specific Knowledge Actions Communication Acts Karim Bouzoubaa Artificial Intelligence 25