Intergenerational Gender Equality in China: A Perspective of NTA - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Intergenerational Gender Equality in China: A Perspective of NTA

Qiulin Chen

Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

Ling Li

Peking University

Yu Jiang

National Development Research Center

June, 2013

Motivations

• Gender equality is, first and foremost, a human right, and is one of the

development goals.

• Gender equality is a key factor in contributing to the economic growth of a

nation

• China was proud of its development on gender equality before the Market

Reform.

– During the period of the planned economy, one of the objectives of the Chinese government that was supported ideologically by Mao was to narrow the gender wage gap. As a result, urban China boasted a smaller wage gap compared to other countries, (Gustafsson and Li 2000).

• Gender wage inequality has widened since the market reform, especially

since the mid‐1990s when the SOE reforms were implemented (Appleton et al. 2002; Knight and Song 2008).

– The economic transition has had an effect on the gender wage gap, through development of the private sector and the granting of more autonomy to state‐owned enterprises to hire and fire employees and to determine wages.

• What is the gender gap of labor income by age? What is the gender gap of

economic retirement age? What is the difference of support system by gender?

• I. Backgrounds

1 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000

1949 1951 1960 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 (10 000 persons) year

Chinese Population by Gender (1949‐2011)

Male Female Ratio

66.84 69.63 72.38 70.47 73.33 77.37 68.55 71.4 74.83 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 1990 2000 2010

Life Expectancy by Gender

Male Female Total The gap is increasing.

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

(10 000 persons) year

Labor Force Participation Rate by Gender (2010)

total male female Source: 2010 census

• II. Data & Methodologies
• Age profiles are conducted from survey data using standard

NTA methodologies.

• The aggregate control by gender are based on the NTA as a

whole and the gender ratio of aggregate accounts conducted from the survey data.

• Data: Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP)

– conducted by the China Social Science Academy through the National Bureau of Statistics. – conducted every 7 years. So far, three waves of surveys have been conducted at 1988, 1995, 2002 and 2007 respectively.

• III. Findings

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 Female/ Male Labor Income

Gender Gap of Labor Income

1995 2002 2007

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 Female/ Male Labor Income

Gender Gap of Labor Income, Rural

1995 2002 2007

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 Female/ Male Labor Income

Gender Gap of Labor Income, urban

1995 2002 2007

Lifecycle Deficit by Gender

‐2 ‐1.5 ‐1 ‐0.5 0.5 1

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90+

Lifecycle Deficit, 2007, China

Normalized to average labor income of 30‐49 year olds Male Female Total

60 50 58 Official retirement age: 60 for men; 55 for female civil servants; 50 for female workers. The gap of economical retirement age is larger than the official one.

Changes of Lifecycle Deficit in China, Female

‐1.6 ‐1.1 ‐0.6 ‐0.1 0.4 0.9

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90+

Changes in Lifecycle Deficit, 1995 ‐ 2007, Female

Normalized to average labor income of 30‐49 year olds 1995 LCD 2002 LCD 2007 LCD

Changes of Lifecycle Deficit in China, Male

‐1.6 ‐1.1 ‐0.6 ‐0.1 0.4 0.9

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90+

Changes in Lifecycle Deficit, 1995 ‐ 2007, Male

Normalized to average labor income of 30‐49 year olds 1995 LCD 2002 LCD 2007 LCD

Lifecycle deficits by gender by region

‐15,000 ‐10,000 ‐5,000 5,000 10,000 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90+ yuan, current prices

Lifecycle deficits by gender, China 2002 Rural Female LDC Rural Male LDC Urban Female LDC Urban Male LDC

Working life by gender by region

2002 2007 Cutting age indepen dent economically retired working life (years) independ ent economically retired working life (years) Female 23 52 29 22 50 28 Male 22 62 40 22 60 38 Rural Female 19 57 38 18 54 36 Rural Male 20 67 47 18 62 44 Urban Female 23 52 29 22 50 28 Urban Male 23 61 38 23 58 35

‐8000 ‐6000 ‐4000 ‐2000 2000 4000 6000 8000

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90+

Female, 1995

Changing pattern of lifecycle deficit reallocations Per capita , yuan, 2000 constant prices

Asset Reallocation Public Transfer Family Transfer LCD

‐8000 ‐6000 ‐4000 ‐2000 2000 4000 6000 8000

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90+

Female, 2002

Changing pattern of lifecycle deficit reallocations Per capita , yuan, 2000 constant prices

Asset Reallocation Public Transfer Family Transfer LCD

‐8000 ‐6000 ‐4000 ‐2000 2000 4000 6000 8000

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90+

Female, 2007

Changing pattern of lifecycle deficit reallocations Per capita , yuan, 2000 constant prices

Asset Reallocation Public Transfer Family Transfer LCD

‐17500 ‐12500 ‐7500 ‐2500 2500 7500

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90+

Male, 1995

Changing pattern of lifecycle deficit reallocations Per capita , yuan, 2000 constant prices

Asset Reallocation Public Transfer Family Transfer LCD

‐17500 ‐12500 ‐7500 ‐2500 2500 7500

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90+

Male, 2002

Changing pattern of lifecycle deficit reallocations Per capita , yuan, 2000 constant prices

Asset Reallocation Public Transfer Family Transfer LCD

‐17500 ‐12500 ‐7500 ‐2500 2500 7500

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90+

Male, 2007

Changing pattern of lifecycle deficit reallocations Per capita , yuan, 2000 constant prices

Asset Reallocation Public Transfer Family Transfer LCD

Female 2007 Male 2007 Female 2002 Male 2002 Female 1995 Male 1995 1/3 1/3 1/3 2/3 2/3 2/3

Assets Public Transfers Family Transfers

Support System of the Elderly (65+)

• IV. Discussion and Further work
• Gender gap of labor income should be over

calculated because women do more non‐SNA work than men.

• Gender gap of consumptions is under estimated

because personal consumption was estimated from household consumption, but we do not include gender issue when we estimate it.

• Further work: the determinants of the gender

gap: Labor force participation, industry, education….

100 200 300 400

15‐19 20‐24 25‐29 30‐34 35‐39 40‐44 45‐49 50‐54 55‐59 60‐64 65‐69 70‐74

minutes per day

Average Time of Non‐SNA Productive Activities, by sex

Non‐SNA productive activities （total） Non‐SNA productive activities （male） Non‐SNA productive activities （female）

Sources: China Time Use Survey (CTUS), 2008

20 40 60 80 100

15‐19 20‐24 25‐29 30‐34 35‐39 40‐44 45‐49 50‐54 55‐59 60‐64 65‐69 70‐74

minutes per day

Average Time of Non‐SNA Productive Activities, by sex

Take care of families and support other people (total) Take care of families and support other people (male) Take care of families and support other people (female)

Sources: China Time Use Survey (CTUS), 2008

THANKS!