Health, Gender and Mobility: California - Davis Intergenerational - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Health, Gender and Mobility: Intergenerational Correlations in Longevity over Time John Parman, University of Health, Gender and Mobility: California - Davis Intergenerational Correlations in Longevity Introduction Modern Mobility over Time Estimates Historical Mobility Estimates Health as a John Parman, University of California - Davis Measure of Mobility Data Longevity and May 20, 2010 Occupational Status Intergenerational Correlations in Longevity Extensions

Health, Gender Motivation and Mobility: Intergenerational Correlations in Longevity over Time Existing mobility measures have a variety of John Parman, shortcoming in terms of interpretation and comparison University of California - Davis across groups (particularly gender) and over time Introduction Modern intergenerational income elasticities cannot be Modern Mobility estimated for historical time periods and are often Estimates sensitive to transitory fluctuations in economic status Historical Mobility Estimates Historical studies have been limited to occupational Health as a Measure of mobility which limits the samples that can be studied Mobility and has ambiguous welfare implications of observed Data mobility rates Longevity and Occupational This paper takes an alternative path to estimate Status mobility through long term health outcomes addressing Intergenerational Correlations in many of the limitations of occupational and income Longevity mobility studies Extensions

Health, Gender Brief overview of paper and Mobility: Intergenerational Correlations in Longevity over Existing mobility measures suggest a decline in Time John Parman, American mobility over the past 150 years University of California - Davis It is still unknown whether this decline existed for Introduction females as well as males and how the decline translated Modern Mobility into persistence of welfare across generations Estimates This paper creates a new intergenerational dataset of Historical Mobility Estimates linked death certificates that allows for estimating Health as a intergenerational correlations in longevity Measure of Mobility Longevity is correlated with occupational status both in Data terms of a child’s occupation and father’s occupation Longevity and Occupational I find strong intergenerational longevity elasticities for Status both males and females Intergenerational Correlations in Longevity These elasticities have been getting stronger for males Extensions over the past century but have been stable for females

Health, Gender Measures of modern income mobility and Mobility: Intergenerational Correlations in Longevity over Time John Parman, University of California - Davis Common approach is to measure intergenerational income elasticities: Introduction Modern Mobility Estimates ln y s = α + ρ ln y f + ... Historical Mobility Estimates Elasticities typically found to be in the 0.2-0.5 range Health as a Measure of (see Solon (1999) for survey of estimates) Mobility Female mobility estimates compare household income of Data Longevity and a daughter to household income of parents, ρ looks Occupational Status slightly smaller for females Intergenerational Correlations in Longevity Extensions

Health, Gender Measures of modern income mobility and Mobility: Intergenerational Correlations in Longevity over Time John Parman, University of California - Davis Drawbacks of intergenerational income elasticities: Introduction Sensitive to transitory fluctuations in income (this can Modern Mobility Estimates have big effects on estimates, see Mazumder (2005)) Historical Mobility Estimates Reliance on household income as a measure of Health as a individual welfare Measure of Mobility Lack of sufficient income data to estimate historical Data trends Longevity and Occupational Status Intergenerational Correlations in Longevity Extensions

Health, Gender Measures of historical occupational mobility and Mobility: Intergenerational Correlations in Longevity over Time John Parman, University of California - Davis Historical income data is rare Introduction Modern Mobility Studies have relied on linking individuals across Estimates censuses and measuring occupational transitions Historical Mobility Estimates Results suggest that US exhibited high levels of Health as a occupational mobility in the 19th century that have Measure of Mobility fallen over time (Ferrie (2005), Ferrie and Long (2006, Data 2009)) Longevity and Occupational Status Intergenerational Correlations in Longevity Extensions

Health, Gender Measures of historical occupational mobility and Mobility: Intergenerational Correlations in Longevity over Time John Parman, University of California - Davis Drawbacks of intergenerational occupational mobility: Introduction Difficult to translate occupational status to well being Modern Mobility Estimates Major changes in occupational structure and nature of Historical Mobility occupations over time Estimates Occupational change over career Health as a Measure of Mobility Difficult to interpret historically for females Data Strategy can’t be used for females due to changing Longevity and surnames Occupational Status Intergenerational Correlations in Longevity Extensions

Health, Gender Motivating health as a measure of mobility and Mobility: Intergenerational Correlations in Longevity over Time John Parman, University of California - Davis Annual income and occupation are imperfect measures Introduction of long term economic status Modern Mobility Estimates Both suffer from the effects of intragenerational mobility Historical Mobility Estimates Both have issues of how to treat the spouse’s income Health as a and occupation Measure of Mobility Occupation in particular is difficult to map into overall Data welfare Longevity and Occupational Status Intergenerational Correlations in Longevity Extensions

Health, Gender Motivating health as a measure of mobility and Mobility: Intergenerational Correlations in Longevity over Time John Parman, University of California - Davis A greater concern for our purposes is the inability of these measures to address female mobility Introduction Modern Mobility Income mobility based on household income is a tricky Estimates measure of female welfare if the distribution of Historical Mobility Estimates household resources (and work) is changing over time Health as a Measure of Occupational mobility based on female occupation has Mobility clear problems if looking at historical mobility patterns Data Occupational mobility based on spouse occupation is Longevity and Occupational limited by surname changes Status Intergenerational Correlations in Longevity Extensions

Health, Gender Why should we care about separate female and Mobility: Intergenerational mobility estimates? Correlations in Longevity over Time John Parman, University of California - Davis Introduction Modern Mobility The obvious: females are half the population Estimates More importantly, there are a variety of reasons we Historical Mobility Estimates would expect historical mobility patterns of females to Health as a differ from the historical mobility patterns of males Measure of Mobility The forces shaping the economic status of women and Data men have followed very different paths historically Longevity and Occupational Status Intergenerational Correlations in Longevity Extensions

Health, Gender Why should we care about separate female and Mobility: Intergenerational mobility estimates? Correlations in Longevity over Time John Parman, University of 100 California - Davis 90 90 orce participation rate Introduction 80 70 Modern Mobility Estimates 60 Historical Mobility 50 Estimates 40 White males Health as a Labor fo 30 30 Measure of Nonwhite males 20 Mobility White females 10 Data Nonwhite females 0 Longevity and 1850 1881 1909 1940 1970 Occupational Status Intergenerational Labor force participation rates by gender and race, Correlations in Longevity 1850-1990. Source: Sobek (2001). Extensions

Health, Gender Why should we care about separate female and Mobility: Intergenerational mobility estimates? Correlations in Longevity over Time John Parman, University of 45 California - Davis estate 40 earnings Introduction 35 sole trader Modern Mobility mber of states 30 Estimates suffrage 25 Historical Mobility Estimates 20 Health as a 15 Nu Measure of 10 Mobility 5 Data 0 Longevity and Occupational 1844 1847 1850 1853 1856 1859 1862 1865 1868 1871 1874 1877 1880 1883 1886 1889 1892 1895 1898 1901 1904 1907 1910 1913 1916 1919 Status Year Year Intergenerational Correlations in Number of states with women’s property rights and suffrage Longevity laws, 1844-1920. Sources: Khan (1996), Rusk (2001). Extensions

Health, Gender Why should we care about separate female and Mobility: Intergenerational mobility estimates? Correlations in Longevity over Time John Parman, University of 8,000 California - Davis 7,000 Introduction ertility rate per 1,000 6,000 Modern Mobility Estimates 5,000 Historical Mobility 4,000 Estimates Health as a 3,000 Measure of Total fe Mobility 2,000 Data 1,000 Longevity and 0 Occupational Status 1800 1831 1862 1890 1921 1951 1982 Intergenerational Total fertility rate per 1,000 for white females, 1800-1998. Correlations in Longevity Source: Historical Statistics of the United States. Extensions