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Integral Apollonian Gaskets Alex Kontorovich Yale University Apollonius of Perga (262-190 BCE) 83 102 123 146 171 198 227 258 291 291 258 227 198 171 146 123 102 230 66 294 83 294 66 230 174 51 51 174 266 126 299 38 239


  1. Integral Apollonian Gaskets Alex Kontorovich Yale University

  2. Apollonius of Perga (262-190 BCE)

  3. 83 102 123 146 171 198 227 258 291 291 258 227 198 171 146 123 102 230 66 294 83 294 66 230 174 51 51 174 266 126 299 38 239 239 38 299 126 266 206 27 183 183 27 206 179 86 135 135 86 179 263 290 290 263 242 131 18 18 242 131 54 278 95 230 230 95 278 54 110 186 203 203 110 186 282 167 167 282 222 11 182 287 155 287 155 182 11 222 138 63 2 63 138 195 74 134 134 74 195 231 231 231 231 170 30 30 170 59 266 266 59 98 191 95 251 251 95 191 98 147 194 183 294 183 294 194 147 275 206 215 294 98 98 294 215 275 206 110 39 267 267 39 110 299 299 6 254 242 83 242 83 254 6 219 290 143 219 219 143 290 219 158 158 107 107 66 66 194 215 215 194 35 35 234 179 263 263 179 234 90 279 290 111 111 111 290 111 279 90 278 171 227 59 59 227 171 278 174 174 14 162 162 14 255 131 23 23 131 255 251 47 299 62 179 179 62 119 194 287 299 47 251 150 290 98 167 254 287 194 119 294 147 294 147 254 167 290 98 150 75 231 231 122 170 50 50 170 122 231 231 75 186 150 150 186 26 251 87 182 278 275 87 275 278 87 182 87 251 26 218 134 134 218 131 270 191 258 191 258 270 131 143 143 42 42 203 203 62 215 215 62 86 291 3 3 291 86 230 167 230 167 114 114 114 114 182 146 71 219 219 71 182 146 222 222 38 38 222 222 266 107 279 210 210 107 279 266 287 287 110 203 203 110 218 15 102 263 263 102 15 218 35 198 63 99 143 195 255 143 99 63 198 35 198 255 195 198 218 102 263 263 102 218 110 203 203 110 287 287 38 107 210 210 107 38 222 266 222 279 279 222 222 266 182 146 71 219 219 71 146 182 114 114 114 114 86 167 167 86 291 230 230 291 62 62 203 215 215 203 42 42 143 143 131 26 191 258 2 191 258 26 131 270 87 218 87 134 134 87 278 87 218 270 251 182 278 182 251 150 50 275 275 50 150 186 75 231 231 122 122 231 231 75 186 150 14 47 290 98 167 254 287 194 119 62 170 23 294 147 294 147 23 170 62 119 194 287 254 167 290 98 47 14 150 251 299 299 251 131 179 179 131 255 162 162 255 174 59 59 174 278 171 227 6 6 227 171 278 90 279 111 111 111 111 279 90 234 35 290 263 179 263 179 290 35 234 194 215 215 194 66 66 107 107 158 158 219 290 143 219 143 219 290 219 83 83 254 242 242 254 39 39 110 299 299 110 275 215 294 98 267 267 98 294 215 275 206 147 98 183 183 98 206 147 59 191 95 251 194 294 294 194 95 251 191 59 30 266 11 11 266 30 170 170 231 231 231 231 195 74 134 134 74 195 138 63 63 138 222 182 155 155 182 222 287 287 167 18 18 167 282 186 110 54 203 203 54 110 186 282 95 230 230 95 242 131 278 278 242 131 263 27 290 290 27 263 179 86 135 135 86 179 206 38 183 183 38 206 266 126 51 51 126 266 299 174 66 239 239 66 174 299 230 83 102 123 146 171 198 227 258 291 102 83 230 294 171 198 146 123 294 291 227 258

  4. 81 64 49 81 49 64 49 81 81 49 64 49 81 49 64 81 81 64 49 81 49 64 49 81 81 49 64 49 81 49 64 81 81 64 49 81 49 64 49 81 81 49 64 49 81 49 64 81 81 64 49 81 49 64 49 81 81 49 64 49 81 49 64 81 36 25 16 25 25 16 25 36 36 25 16 25 25 16 25 36 36 25 16 25 25 16 25 36 36 25 16 25 25 16 25 36 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 84 76 76 84 84 76 76 84 84 76 76 84 84 76 76 84 52 4 52 52 4 52 52 4 52 52 4 52 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 72 28 28 72 72 28 28 72 72 28 28 72 72 28 28 72 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 1 1 1 1 1 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 33 97 97 33 33 97 97 33 33 97 97 33 33 97 97 33 12 12 12 12 88 88 88 88 88 88 88 88 73 24 73 73 24 73 73 24 73 73 24 73 40 40 40 40 60 60 60 60 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 60 60 60 60 40 40 40 40 24 24 24 24 73 73 73 73 73 73 73 73 12 12 12 12 88 88 88 88 88 88 88 88 33 97 97 33 33 97 97 33 33 97 97 33 33 97 97 33 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 4 4 4 4 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 16 76 76 16 25 36 49 64 81 16 76 76 16 16 76 76 16 25 36 49 64 81 16 76 76 16 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 25 25 25 25 25 49 81 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 49 81 25 25 81 64 49 36 81 49 64 49 81 81 49 64 49 81 81 64 49 36 81 49 64 81 49 64 49 81 36 49 64 81 81 64 49 36 81 49 64 49 81 81 49 64 49 81 81 64 49 36 81 49 64 81 49 64 49 81 36 49 64 81

  5. 818 1035 1278 1023 462 627 323 1262 623 210 1358 1122 1107 882 818 683 123 510 327 722 363 1167 1047 635 1034 242 1266 735 1199 1082 834 147 1083 426 1010 663 62 899 23 407 347 1274 803 882 1335 1098 1274 1439 506 135 1067 78 1422 1443 707 1283 1158 887 458 242 959 611 467 1178 1466 1202 1203 818 1190 623 234 1382 731 183 383 1314 1499 558 506 282 767 1478 1247 602 987 767 878 338 1350 1122 1010 602 1287 1038 543 798 1103 27 1458 1130 35 702 1290 374 798 1059 422 1179 1071 1215 146 1014 1094 347 162 1202 630 995 1442 1490 1035 662 371 935 1383 702 1046 999 1079 1190 1038 743 503 359 1019 1139 407 498 662 758 338 1215 1055 303 1043 1154 1002 867 207 158 698 1415 1367 1458 1463 918 1082 522 527 1451 587 758 1175 242 662 1278 1167 983 1007 110 1286 431 1226 387 378 794 1358 1431 990 518 194 1259 18 63 1043 611 722 1491 1142 1163 1307 687 1359 858 1446 491 267 47 918 1475 1463 1430 498 827 1010 803 386 1094 1182 603 959 954 302 1142 107 735 659 1362 306 854 1271 767 594 1083 1451 722 1418 1466 1430 1047 435 714 167 510 222 1227 1247 83 866 1427 543 1031 243 782 482 1010 1187 1202 1382 335 1118 1242 135 443 1362 807 398 722 707 567 963 863 203 1035 1026 1223 1427 1323 638 287 1394 942 387 1310 503 635 783 947 1127 1323

  6. Frederick Soddy (1877-1956)

  7. From: Soddy “The Kiss Precise”, Nature , 1936 Four circles to the kissing come. \ The smaller are the bender. The bend is just the inverse of \ The distance from the center. Though their intrigue left Euclid dumb There’s now no need for rule of thumb. Since zero bend’s a dead straight line \ And concave bends have minus sign, The sum of the squares of all four bends \ Is half the square of their sum.

  8. ... To spy out spherical affairs \ An oscular surveyor Might find the task laborious, \ The sphere is much the gayer, And now besides the pair of pairs A fifth sphere in the kissing shares. Yet, signs and zero as before, \ For each to kiss the other four The square of the sum of all five bends \ Is thrice the sum of their squares.

  9. (Jos Leys)

  10. (Jos Leys)

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