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Incremental Sampling Methods & Best Practices for Lead Investigations Cathy Amoroso U.S EPA, Region 4 Superfund Division FRTR November 8, 2017 Former Chattanooga Foundries 60+ foundries historically located in Chattanooga.

  1. Incremental Sampling Methods & Best Practices for Lead Investigations Cathy Amoroso U.S EPA, Region 4 Superfund Division FRTR November 8, 2017

  2. Former Chattanooga Foundries  60+ foundries historically located in Chattanooga.  Generated spent sand and baghouse dust over many decades. 2 Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable November 8, 2017

  3. Former Chattanooga Foundries 3 Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable November 8, 2017

  4. Spent Foundry Sand  Foundry waste material can contain lead  Foundry material was used as fill 4 Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable November 8, 2017

  5. Initial EPA Involvement  2011: resident presented at ER with Pb poisoning  2012: EPA removed Pb contaminated soil at 84 residences  Limited geographic area  Extent of contamination undefined  Other residential areas may be similarly impacted  Risk undefined 5 Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable November 8, 2017

  6. Potential Large Urban Lead Site: Where to Begin? Is all of downtown Chattanooga contaminated? NO 6 Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable November 8, 2017

  7. Objectives of the Investigation  Establish urban background levels  Collect high quality data to support risk management decisions  Produce data that can be used for multiple purposes:  Site characterization  Time-critical removal decisions  Future RI & Risk Assessment 7 Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable November 8, 2017

  8. Best Practices for Sampling for Lead in Soil  Establish robust background concentration/range  Incremental Sampling Method (ISM)  OLEM Directive for sieving soil at lead sites  EPA Superfund XRF Field Operating Guide  Lead bioavailability testing  Develop site-specific cleanup level for lead 8 Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable November 8, 2017

  9. Best Practice: Establish Background Level for Lead Chattanooga Urban Bkg Study  5x5 mile grid; 50 randomly selected cells  Used SAP/QAPP template from larger R4 urban background study  7 metals associated with foundries: Pb, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn 9 Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable November 8, 2017

  10. Urban Background Results Urban background RSL Mean Bkg (SI) 95% UTL Lead 400 60 175 Arsenic 0.68 3.4 7 Chromium 25 33  Background lead consistent with other Southeastern cities  Robust background dataset ready for RI  Elevated lead is not “everywhere” 10 Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable November 8, 2017

  11. Chattanooga Lead Background vs. 5 Cities 11 Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable November 8, 2017

  12. Identify Study Areas 12 Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable November 8, 2017

  13. Field Operation 13 Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable November 8, 2017

  14. Best Practice: Incremental Sampling Methodology (ISM) Why ISM? Superior method to derive an unbiased estimate of the mean concentration of a given area (i.e. decision unit) One ISM sample is collected for each decision unit Each sample is comprised of 30 aliquots, and produces one concentration that represents the entire decision unit (yard) Statistically defensible data on which to base decisions 14 Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable November 8, 2017

  15. 15 Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable November 8, 2017

  16. 16 Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable November 8, 2017

  17. 17 Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable November 8, 2017

  18. Incremental Sampling in Chattanooga 18 Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable November 8, 2017

  19. 19 Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable November 8, 2017

  20. Collecting ISM: Time & Effort One 30-point composite from a residential yard takes 8 minutes to collect 20 Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable November 8, 2017

  21. ISM Includes Representative Subsampling Guidance for Obtaining Representative Laboratory Analytical Subsamples from Particulate Laboratory Samples EPA/600/R-03/027, November 2003 21 Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable November 8, 2017

  22. Disaggregation and Drying 22 Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable November 8, 2017

  23. OLEM Lead Sieving Directive Recommendations for Sieving Soil and Dust Samples at Lead Sites for Assessment of Incidental Ingestion, OLEM Directive 9200.1-128 23 Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable November 8, 2017

  24. OLEM Lead Sieving Directive  Recommends < 150 µm particle size (#100 mesh)  Incidental ingestion greater for fine particles.  Dermal adherence greater for fine particles.  Increased contaminant concentration, mobility, and bioavailability in fine particles. 24 Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable November 8, 2017

  25. Dermal Adherence 25 Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable November 8, 2017

  26. 26 Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable November 8, 2017

  27. Sieve of Stacked Mesh (#10 and #100) 27 Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable November 8, 2017

  28. 28 Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable November 8, 2017

  29. Fine Fraction <150 microns 29 Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable November 8, 2017

  30. Lead Concentrates in the Fine Fraction Pb in mg/kg Unsieved Sieved 603 1016 837 1832 1434 4021 1245 2300 591 936 At this site, sieved soil has approximately 100 ppm higher concentration than in unsieved. 30 Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable November 8, 2017

  31. ISM Includes Representative Subsampling 31 Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable November 8, 2017

  32. Representative subsamples for analysis 32 Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable November 8, 2017

  33. 33 Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable November 8, 2017

  34. Best Practice: X-Ray Fluorescence Field Operations Guide Superfund X-Ray Fluorescence Field Operations Guide , EPA Region 4, July 19, 2017 (SFDGUID-001-R0)  Tool for OSCs and RPMs  Methodology to collect high quality XRF data for lead and arsenic  Provides real-time data  Multiple readings and QA/QC measures  Produces “definitive” data = data of sufficient quality to use in remedial and removal decisions and in the BLRA 34 Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable November 8, 2017

  35. XRF vs Lab Data: Lead R Squared = 0.98 Excellent agreement between XRF data and lab data. 35 Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable November 8, 2017

  36. XRF vs. Lab: Pb 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 Lab Pb XRF Pb XRF provides reliable, reproducible & defensible data for Pb for this project (n = 300+) 36 Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable November 8, 2017

  37. Best Practice: Site-specific Clean-up Levels for Lead 37 Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable November 8, 2017

  38. Best Practice: Lead Bioavailability Bioavailability • A measure of the amount of lead absorbed into bloodstream • Important input in clean up level 38 Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable November 8, 2017

  39. I ntegrated E xposure U ptake B iokinetic (IEUBK) Model Predicts blood lead levels in children resulting from environmental exposures. Utilized by EPA to set cleanup goals for lead in soil . 39 Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable November 8, 2017

  40. Best Practice: Site-specific Clean-up Levels for Lead  Use site-specific lead bioavailability in the IEUBK model  ‘ BA will “ health-based clean-up level  IEUBK default BA = 30%  In this case, 33 soil samples were analyzed for lead bioavailability  Chattanooga site soils BA = 29-50%; mean = 36%  Other inputs to IEUBK being updated, esp. target blood lead level 40 Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable November 8, 2017

  41. SOP for In Vitro Lead and Arsenic Testing Standard Operating Procedure … OLEM, May 5, 2017 41 Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable November 8, 2017

  42. Conclusion of Chattanooga Soil Study  Elevated lead is not “everywhere; can distinguish between suspect material and urban background  Data supports risk management decisions  Unacceptable risk at some properties  Removal warranted at some properties  Remedial action planned  Site-specific cleanup level can be developed 42 Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable November 8, 2017

  43. Best Practices for Sampling for Lead in Soil  Establish robust background concentration/range  Incremental Sampling Method (ISM)  Sieve soil; analyze fine fraction  Consider XRF analysis  Determine site-specific lead bioavailability  Develop site-specific cleanup level for lead 43 Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable November 8, 2017

  44. Q & A 44 Federal Remediation Technology Roundtable November 8, 2017

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