SLIDE 1
Multidimensional Child Poverty in Slums and Unplanned Areas in Egypt
Launch of the Report Cairo House - 21 October 2014
SLIDE 2 General Background
- In the last 3 decades, Egypt
recorded important progress in many child well-being dimensions (survival, education, access to water etc).
- But uneven: some well-being
indicators deteriorated (e.g. nutrition or income poverty) or stagnated.
- Persistent inequalities (urban/rural,
socio-economic), with children in rural areas suffering from a greater disadvantage.
SLIDE 3 General Background
inequality in urban areas and stagnation in key indicators (e.g. child survival, malnutrition).
- Average data for urban areas
hiding the concentration of extreme forms of poverty and deprivation in the most disadvantaged parts of urban areas, especially in informal settlements.
SLIDE 4 Aim of the study
- Provide new evidence on child
poverty in slums and unplanned areas in Egypt and support policy interventions informed by research evidence.
- Use a methodology focusing on
children, exploring deprivation
dimension and then their
- verlapping, using indicators
adapted to the Egyptian context.
SLIDE 5 The multidimensional poverty framework
Dimension Indicator of severe deprivation
Health
For the age group 0-4: i) children aged 2-4 who have not been fully immunized, or ii) children aged 0-4 who recently suffered from an illness involving diarrhea or pneumonia and had not received any medical advice
Nutrition
Age group 0-4: i)children suffering of severe stunting, wasting or underweight (- 3 standard deviations from the median of the international reference population) or ii) had never breastfed at all. Age groups 5-11 and 12-17: children suffering from stunting or wasting (according to the international standards).
Water
For all age groups: Children living in households with i) no piped water into the dwelling, or ii) water piped into the dwelling but distribution interrupted daily
Sanitation
For all age groups: children living in households without improved sanitation facilities (the household is considered to have improved sanitation facilities if it has sole use of a modern or traditional flush toilet that empties into a public sewer, Bayara (vault) or septic system).
SLIDE 6
The multidimensional poverty framework
Dimension Indicator of severe deprivation
Shelter
For all age groups: children living in dwellings i) with 5 or more people per room, and/or ii) with only one room, and/or iii) with no flooring material.
Education
For children 0-4, deprivation for the education dimension is not calculated. For children aged 6-11: i) children who have never been to school, or ii) have been to school but are not currently attending. For children 12-17: i) children 12-15 who have not completed primary education, or ii) children 16-17 who have not completed basic education (primary + preparatory).
Knowledge/ Information source
For children 0-4, deprivation for the Knowledge/information dimension is not calculated. For children 5-11: children living in households without TV, Radio or a computer in their homes. For children 12-17: children living in households without TV, Radio, computers or mobile phone.
SLIDE 7 Poverty and deprivation analysis
- Child monetary poverty (using the national lower poverty line).
- Analysis of child severe deprivation (for each of the 7 dimensions) by age
group 0-4, 5-11, 12-17.
- Multidimensional child poverty analysis (a child is considered
multidimensional poor when severely deprived in at least 2 dimensions).
- Special survey fielded for the study (community questionnaire, household
questionnaire, child questionnaires). Sample of around 6,000 households in selected 6 slums and 4 unplanned areas in Cairo, Alexandria, Port Said and Sohag.
SLIDE 8
KEY RESULTS
SLIDE 9 Availability of utilities and social services in slums
Slums Kindergarten Primary school Preparatory school Health Office/ Health Unit Maternal & Child Care Centre Private doctor/ Clinic Pharmacy
Cairo
Tal El Akareb
No No No No No No No
Hekre El Sakakiny
No No No No No No No
Azbet Abo Karn
No
Yes Yes
No
Yes
No No Alexandria
Kom El Malhe Yes Yes
No No No No
Yes
Port Said
Zerzaraa
No No No No No No No Sohag
El Komah Yes
No No No No
Yes Yes Slums Electricity Water network Sewage network
Cairo
Tal El Akareb Yes Yes Yes Hekre El Sakakiny Yes Yes Yes Azbet Abo Karn Yes Yes
No Alexandria
Kom El Malhe Yes Yes Yes
Port Said
Zerzaraa
No No No Sohag
El Komah Yes Yes Yes
SLIDE 10 Child monetary poverty
Percentage of poor households and percentage of children living in poor households (consumption below the national lower poverty line)
- Poverty in slums (41.5%) is at levels
similar to those found in the poorest rural areas.
- In unplanned areas, poverty is also
substantial (1 child in 5 are poor), slightly higher than the overall urban average.
- In addition, 36% of households in slums
experienced food shortage in the month preceding the survey. 21% in unplanned areas.
SLIDE 11 Summary results of the severe deprivation analysis
(percentage of children severely deprived in each single dimension) Children 0-4 Children 5-11 Children 12-17 Slums Unplanned areas Slums Unplanned areas Slums Unplanned areas Health 4.3 4.5
32.2 26.4 8.9 10.7 8.8 5.0 Water 29.7 14.0 30.6 13.1 28.0 12.5 Sanitation 53.2 4.0 49.6 4.7 49.1 4.4 Shelter 52.8 5.0 49.2 5.4 43.6 4.5 Education
13.0 43.2 37.4 Knowledge source
2.7 2.5 0.7
SLIDE 12 Deprivation in shelter, water & sanitation
- In slums, half of children suffer
from severe shelter deprivation (mainly overcrowding) and do not have access to adequate sanitation facilities.
- Around 30% of children do not
have water connection or the water supply is unreliable.
- In unplanned areas, shelter and sanitation deprivation is at less than 5%.
However, a share ranging between 10-15% of children is water deprived, mainly due to the discontinuity of the water supply in the dwelling.
SLIDE 13 Deprivation in health and nutrition
- Severe deprivation in health is at
less than 5% in both types of informal settlements (relatively high coverage of immunization and adequate care of common health problems).
- However, other indicators point to
widespread inadequate perinatal care in both type of settlements:
- ne mother in five did not have any
ante natal care, and 17% of births were not attended by skilled personnel.
- Nutrition deprivation is at high levels in slums (32%) and unplanned
areas (26%) among children under-5 (mainly due to high levels of stunting).
SLIDE 14 Deprivation in education and knowledge
- Severe deprivation in education reflects not
attendance of school (for compulsory education ages) and not completion of basic education (for
- lder children). 13% of primary school age
children in both slums and unplanned areas are
- deprived. The deprivation rate grows to 43% in
slums for older children, and to 37% in unplanned areas.
- Pre-primary education is at very low levels (less
than 10% of children attend preschool).
- Severe knowledge deprivation is relatively
low, due to most of households having access to basic communication and information assets.
SLIDE 15 Multidimensional Poverty Analysis, children under-5
8.3 49.0 9.3 26.0 7.4
Unplanned areas
Health Nutrition Shelter Water Sanitation 2.5 18.7 30.6 17.3 30.9
Slums
SLIDE 16
Multidimensional Poverty Analysis, children 5-11
SLIDE 17
Multidimensional Poverty Analysis, children 12-17
SLIDE 18
Multidimensional Poverty in Slums
SLIDE 19 Key Results
- Very high levels of income poverty and
risk of food insecurity for children in slums (at 40%, much higher than the national average). In unplanned areas, 20% of children are monetary poor.
- Multidimensional poverty is
widespread: it affects more than half of children in slums. However also in unplanned areas multidimensional poverty is substantial (10% of children, translated in high number of children in absolute terms).
- Monetary poverty and multidimensional
poverty in slums are at levels comparable to those observed in the poorest rural areas of Egypt.
SLIDE 20 Key Results
- Severe housing deprivations (shelter,
sanitation and water) explain most of the gap between children living in slums and those living in unplanned areas.
- High level of severe nutrition deprivation
(for children under-5) and severe education deprivation (in particular for 12-17, linked with drop out) in slums and unplanned areas, with limited differences.
- Low level of severe health deprivation (less
than 5%), reflecting a widespread access to health service for young children. However, high numbers of mothers with inadequate perinatal care.
- Moderate level of access to health and
education services in informal settlements.
- But what about continuity in services access
and use, and also quality of these services?
SLIDE 21
Need for integrated policy interventions in informal settlements
3 policy pillars: 1. Making urban areas child-friendly by investing in infrastructure (housing, water and sanitation, environment, nurseries, schools etc.). 2. Promoting community development with child sensitive social protection policy. 3. Promoting social protection for urban poverty reduction and enhance access to quality social services for children (health, education, child protection).
SLIDE 22
thank you
