in Bavaria Jrgen Karl Lehrstuhl fr Energieverfahrenstechnik - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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in Bavaria Jrgen Karl Lehrstuhl fr Energieverfahrenstechnik - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Nov 23, 2023 146 likes •493 views

Regional Leaders Summit, RLS Energy Network, Western Cape (ZA), 12 March 2014 SECOND GENERATION BIOFUELS WORKSHOP: Exploring technical cooperation among Regional Leaders Cape Town, Western Cape (ZA), 12 March 2014 Research in Bio-fuels in

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www.evt.cbi.uni-erlangen.de Department Chemie- und Bioingenieurwesen (CBI)  Lehrstuhl für Energieverfahrenstechnik  Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Karl

Regional Leaders Summit, RLS Energy Network, Western Cape (ZA), 12 March 2014

Jürgen Karl Lehrstuhl für Energieverfahrenstechnik Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg

Research in Bio-fuels in Bavaria

SECOND GENERATION BIOFUELS WORKSHOP: Exploring technical cooperation among Regional Leaders Cape Town, Western Cape (ZA), 12 March 2014

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www.evt.cbi.uni-erlangen.de Department Chemie- und Bioingenieurwesen (CBI)  Lehrstuhl für Energieverfahrenstechnik  Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Karl

Regional Leaders Summit, RLS Energy Network, Western Cape (ZA), 12 March 2014

Role of Biofuels

Technologies Bavarian Projects

Opportunities Conclusion

Folie 2

  • 1. The Role of Biofuels for Germanys “Energiewende”

 Situation of Europe’s gas supply  Gaps to fill by means of Biofuel

  • 2. State-of-the-art of Biofuels and Second Generation Fuels
  • Methanation of Biomass
  • Other synthetic Energy Carriers
  • Key Technologies for Second Generation Fuels
  • 3. Hydrogen and Second Generation Fuels in Bavaria
  • Gasification Research (Biomass Heatpipe Reformer)
  • Bavarian Hydrogen Center (BHC)
  • Hydrogen and Methanation projects at the

Chair of Energy Process Engineering

  • 4. Research Needs and Opportunities
  • Outline for a Joint Research program
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www.evt.cbi.uni-erlangen.de Department Chemie- und Bioingenieurwesen (CBI)  Lehrstuhl für Energieverfahrenstechnik  Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Karl

Regional Leaders Summit, RLS Energy Network, Western Cape (ZA), 12 March 2014

Role of Biofuels

Technologies Bavarian Projects

Opportunities Conclusion

Folie 3

  • 1. The Role of Biofuels for Germanys

“Energiewende”

  • Situation of Europe’s gas supply
  • Gaps to fill by means of Biofuel
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www.evt.cbi.uni-erlangen.de Department Chemie- und Bioingenieurwesen (CBI)  Lehrstuhl für Energieverfahrenstechnik  Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Karl

Regional Leaders Summit, RLS Energy Network, Western Cape (ZA), 12 March 2014

Role of Biofuels

Technologies Bavarian Projects

Opportunities Conclusion

Folie 4

Upcoming Role of Biofuels in the Energy sector

  • …have to substitute fossile fuels in order to improve security-of-supply

Biofuels…

Role of Biofuels

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www.evt.cbi.uni-erlangen.de Department Chemie- und Bioingenieurwesen (CBI)  Lehrstuhl für Energieverfahrenstechnik  Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Karl

Regional Leaders Summit, RLS Energy Network, Western Cape (ZA), 12 March 2014

Folie 5

Estimated natural gas reserves

Turkmenistan

2025

Russia Russia Turkmenistan Norway UK NL Algeria Tunesia Egypt Ukraine

1999

Uzbekistan Kasakhsta

Situation of Europe’s gas supply

  • Reserves-to-production ration is

8 years for Europe and 10 years for the USA (status 2012)

  • Europe will depend completely
  • n Russian natural gas supplies
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www.evt.cbi.uni-erlangen.de Department Chemie- und Bioingenieurwesen (CBI)  Lehrstuhl für Energieverfahrenstechnik  Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Karl

Regional Leaders Summit, RLS Energy Network, Western Cape (ZA), 12 March 2014

Folie 6

Situation of Europe’s gas supply

  • Reserves-to-production ration is

8 years for Europe and 10 years for the USA (status 2012)

  • Europe will depend completely
  • n Russian natural gas supplies

Gasprom

Gasprom

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www.evt.cbi.uni-erlangen.de Department Chemie- und Bioingenieurwesen (CBI)  Lehrstuhl für Energieverfahrenstechnik  Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Karl

Regional Leaders Summit, RLS Energy Network, Western Cape (ZA), 12 March 2014

Folie 7

Gasprom

Gasprom

  • Substitution of natural gas with

Biomass

  • Methanation makes Biomass

transportable

  • Biomass may be used

in urban areas with high efficiency due to favorable conditions for CHP and without fine dust emissions

Possible Solution

Situation of Europe’s gas supply

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www.evt.cbi.uni-erlangen.de Department Chemie- und Bioingenieurwesen (CBI)  Lehrstuhl für Energieverfahrenstechnik  Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Karl

Regional Leaders Summit, RLS Energy Network, Western Cape (ZA), 12 March 2014

Folie 8

Situation of Europe’s gas supply

  • Substitution of natural gas with

Biomass

  • Methanation makes Biomass

transportable

  • Biomass may be used

in urban areas with high efficiency due to favorable conditions for CHP and without fine dust emissions

Possible Solution

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SLIDE 9

www.evt.cbi.uni-erlangen.de Department Chemie- und Bioingenieurwesen (CBI)  Lehrstuhl für Energieverfahrenstechnik  Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Karl

Regional Leaders Summit, RLS Energy Network, Western Cape (ZA), 12 March 2014

Role of Biofuels

Technologies Bavarian Projects

Opportunities Conclusion

Folie 9

Upcoming Role of Biofuels in the Energy sector

  • …have to substitute fossil fuels in order to improve security-of-supply
  • … shall back-up increasing shares of wind and photovoltaics (PV) with highest flexibility

Biofuels…

Role of Biofuels

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www.evt.cbi.uni-erlangen.de Department Chemie- und Bioingenieurwesen (CBI)  Lehrstuhl für Energieverfahrenstechnik  Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Karl

Regional Leaders Summit, RLS Energy Network, Western Cape (ZA), 12 March 2014

Folie 10

60

Power Production In GW

50 40 30 20 10 Mo 15.07. Tue 16.07. Wed 17.07. Thu 18.07. Fr 19.07. Sat 20.07. Su 21.07.2013 70 Hydro Nuclear lignite bituminous coial Natural Gas

Wind PV

A Summer Week in Germany…

up to 30 GW Renewables still > 50 GW fossile and nuclear for baseload

  • Renewables cover 25% of Germanys power production
  • Increasing the share of wind and PV requires affordable and

most flexible back-up capacities…

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www.evt.cbi.uni-erlangen.de Department Chemie- und Bioingenieurwesen (CBI)  Lehrstuhl für Energieverfahrenstechnik  Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Karl

Regional Leaders Summit, RLS Energy Network, Western Cape (ZA), 12 March 2014

Role of Biofuels

Technologies Bavarian Projects

Opportunities Conclusion

Folie 11

Upcoming Role of Biofuels in the Energy sector

  • …have to substitute fossil fuels in order to improve security-of-supply
  • … shall back-up increasing shares of wind and photovoltaics (PV) with highest flexibility

Biofuels…

  • … have to use existing infrastructures

and storage capacities Reference: pumped storage hydro power stations in Germany

40 GWh

1 Mio. electrical vehicles

10 GWh

Natural gas grid

2170 GWh

Liquid fuel

2500 GWh

Quelle: M.Specht, Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung mit Biomasse, Augsburg, 10.03.2010

Role of Biofuels

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www.evt.cbi.uni-erlangen.de Department Chemie- und Bioingenieurwesen (CBI)  Lehrstuhl für Energieverfahrenstechnik  Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Karl

Regional Leaders Summit, RLS Energy Network, Western Cape (ZA), 12 March 2014

Role of Biofuels

Technologies Bavarian Projects

Opportunities Conclusion

Folie 12

  • 2. State-of-the-art of

Biofuels and Second Generation Fuels

 Methanation of Biomass  Other synthetic Energy Carriers  Key Technologies for Second Generation Fuels

Technologies

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www.evt.cbi.uni-erlangen.de Department Chemie- und Bioingenieurwesen (CBI)  Lehrstuhl für Energieverfahrenstechnik  Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Karl

Regional Leaders Summit, RLS Energy Network, Western Cape (ZA), 12 March 2014

Role of Biofuels

Technologies Bavarian Projects

Opportunities Conclusion

Folie 13

Substitute Natural Gas (SNG)

  • Production of synthetic „natural gas" from

biomass ("Methanation")

hydrogen hydrogenation H2O, CO2, …

+ 3 +

heat

  • 2. Step:

Methanation CO CH4

  • 1. Step:

Thermal gasification

CO + 3 H2 CHxOy + H2O

(Biomass)

+ CO2, H2O, etc.

gasification

Examples for Second Generation Fuels:

Technologies

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www.evt.cbi.uni-erlangen.de Department Chemie- und Bioingenieurwesen (CBI)  Lehrstuhl für Energieverfahrenstechnik  Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Karl

Regional Leaders Summit, RLS Energy Network, Western Cape (ZA), 12 March 2014

Role of Biofuels

Technologies Bavarian Projects

Opportunities Conclusion

Folie 14

Examples for Second Generation Fuels:

4 H2 CO2 CH4

+

+ 2 H2O 2,2 H2 CO

+

Biomass-to-Liquid (BtL) + H2O Carbazol

H2

+

further examples: hydrogen, alcohols, ammonia…

+ heat + heat + heat + heat

  • „Polygeneration“ is

particularly interesting…

3 H2 CO CH4

+

syngas + H2O Substitute Natural Gas (SNG) Dimethylether (DME) CH3-O-CH3 + 2 H2O 4 H2 2 CO snygas

+

„synthetic fuels“ „energy carriers“

Technologies

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www.evt.cbi.uni-erlangen.de Department Chemie- und Bioingenieurwesen (CBI)  Lehrstuhl für Energieverfahrenstechnik  Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Karl

Regional Leaders Summit, RLS Energy Network, Western Cape (ZA), 12 March 2014

Role of Biofuels

Technologies Bavarian Projects

Opportunities Conclusion

Folie 15

Key Technologies for Second Generation Fuels:

  • 1. Gasification
  • Syngas production
  • Hydrogen production

Biomass

  • 2. Gas cleaning
  • Syngas cleaning
  • Particle removal
  • Desulphurization
  • Tar scrubbing
  • Conditioning

stochiometry and excess steam

  • …
  • 3. Synthesis
  • Synthesis

Catalytic synthesis with defined pressure and temperature

Second Generation Fuel Raw gas Syngas

Technologies

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www.evt.cbi.uni-erlangen.de Department Chemie- und Bioingenieurwesen (CBI)  Lehrstuhl für Energieverfahrenstechnik  Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Karl

Regional Leaders Summit, RLS Energy Network, Western Cape (ZA), 12 March 2014

Role of Biofuels

Technologies Bavarian Projects

Opportunities Conclusion

Folie 16

  • 3. Hydrogen and Second Generation Fuels

in Bavaria

 Gasification Research (Biomass Heatpipe Reformer)  Bavarian Hydrogen Center (BHC)  Hydrogen and Methanation projects at the Chair of Energy Process Engineering

Bavarian Projects

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www.evt.cbi.uni-erlangen.de Department Chemie- und Bioingenieurwesen (CBI)  Lehrstuhl für Energieverfahrenstechnik  Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Karl

Regional Leaders Summit, RLS Energy Network, Western Cape (ZA), 12 March 2014

Role of Biofuels

Technologies Bavarian Projects

Opportunities Conclusion

Folie 17

Gas cleaning CO2 Sequestration Synthesis Thermal gasification (Reforming) Thermal gasification (Reforming)

2 4 2 61 , 37 , 1

6575 , 3425 , 3525 , CO CH O O CH    

with autothermal

  • xygen gasification

Process chain for Second Generation Fuels

2 4 2 61 , 37 , 1

48125 , 51875 , 3525 , CO CH O H O CH    

with allothermal steam gasification

  • 1. Option: oxygen
  • 2. Option: steam

Reaction equation for the methanation of biomass: (CH1,37O0,61)

Bavarian Projects

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www.evt.cbi.uni-erlangen.de Department Chemie- und Bioingenieurwesen (CBI)  Lehrstuhl für Energieverfahrenstechnik  Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Karl

Regional Leaders Summit, RLS Energy Network, Western Cape (ZA), 12 March 2014

Folie 18

Gasification Technologies

  • Dual Fluidized Bed gasification
  • Applied for biomass only
  • Small- and medium-scale plants
  • Entrained flow,

fixed bed-, fluidized bed gasification

  • Large-scale plants

Oxygen gasification steam gasification

Biomass HKW Güssing, AT Agnion Heatpipe-Reformer, Pfaffenhofen, D Sasolburg factury

Quelle: www.sasol.com

SNG-Anlage, CPI Xinjiang Energy Co. Ltd, Yili City Xingjiang, China, 8 x 500 MW Siemens SFG-500 coal gasifier, comissioning 2014

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www.evt.cbi.uni-erlangen.de Department Chemie- und Bioingenieurwesen (CBI)  Lehrstuhl für Energieverfahrenstechnik  Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Karl

Regional Leaders Summit, RLS Energy Network, Western Cape (ZA), 12 March 2014

Folie 19

syngas flue gas steam reformer pressure vessel combustion chamber heat pipes fuel

Karl, J., Biomass heat pipe reformer—design and performance of an indirectly heated steam gasifier Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery: Volume 4, Issue 1 (2014), P 1-14

500 kW agnion Heatpipe-Reformer pilot

50 10 20 30 40 Syngas concentration in vol-%, Temperature in °C 900 700 800

CH4 CO CO2 H2 reformer combustor

fluidized bed combustion fluidized bed gasification „heat pipes“

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www.evt.cbi.uni-erlangen.de Department Chemie- und Bioingenieurwesen (CBI)  Lehrstuhl für Energieverfahrenstechnik  Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Karl

Regional Leaders Summit, RLS Energy Network, Western Cape (ZA), 12 March 2014

Folie 20

50 10 20 30 40 Syngas concentration in vol-%, Temperature in °C 900 700 800

CH4 CO CO2 H2 reformer combustor

Performance of the 500 kW agnion Heatpipe-Reformer pilot

Karl, J., Biomass heat pipe reformer—design and performance of an indirectly heated steam gasifier Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery: Volume 4, Issue 1 (2014), P 1-14

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www.evt.cbi.uni-erlangen.de Department Chemie- und Bioingenieurwesen (CBI)  Lehrstuhl für Energieverfahrenstechnik  Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Karl

Regional Leaders Summit, RLS Energy Network, Western Cape (ZA), 12 March 2014

Folie 21

tar concentration 1.5 - 2 g/Nm³

20 40 60 80 100 char conversion rate char in % char bed inventory in % 100 % 60 % 70 % 80 % 0 % 20 % 40 % 60 % 80 % 50 % Cold gas efficiency cg

2.5 - 7 g/Nm³

Performance of the 500 kW agnion Heatpipe-Reformer pilot

Karl, J., Biomass heat pipe reformer—design and performance of an indirectly heated steam gasifier Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery: Volume 4, Issue 1 (2014), P 1-14

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www.evt.cbi.uni-erlangen.de Department Chemie- und Bioingenieurwesen (CBI)  Lehrstuhl für Energieverfahrenstechnik  Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Karl

Regional Leaders Summit, RLS Energy Network, Western Cape (ZA), 12 March 2014

Role of Biofuels

Technologies Bavarian Projects

Opportunities Conclusion

Folie 22

Process chain for Second Generation Fuels

  • Reaction equation for the methanation of

biomass: (CH1,37O0,61)

2 4 2 61 , 37 , 1

6575 , 3425 , 3525 , CO CH O O CH    

2 4 2 61 , 37 , 1

48125 , 51875 , 3525 , CO CH O H O CH    

with allothermal steam gasification with autothermal

  • xygen gasification

Thermische Vergasung (Reformierung) Gasreinigung CO2 Sequestration Synthese Thermal gasification (Reforming)

(Factor 2,5!)

Gas cleaning Synthesis

… 0,92 CO2 per CH4 … 2,25 CO2 per CH4

Bavarian Projects

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www.evt.cbi.uni-erlangen.de Department Chemie- und Bioingenieurwesen (CBI)  Lehrstuhl für Energieverfahrenstechnik  Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Karl

Regional Leaders Summit, RLS Energy Network, Western Cape (ZA), 12 March 2014

Folie 23

EU Project

CO2freeSNG

Objectives

  • Substitute Natural Gas from Lignite (catalyst

screenings, raw gas cleaning, process integration)

  • Basic design 50 MW Heatpipe-Reformer
  • 2.0

with integrated sequestration of CO2

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SLIDE 24

www.evt.cbi.uni-erlangen.de Department Chemie- und Bioingenieurwesen (CBI)  Lehrstuhl für Energieverfahrenstechnik  Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Karl

Regional Leaders Summit, RLS Energy Network, Western Cape (ZA), 12 March 2014

Role of Biofuels

Technologies Bavarian Projects

Opportunities Conclusion

Folie 24

Process chain for Second Generation Fuels

Thermal gasification (Reforming) Gas cleaning

  • Reaction equation for the methanation of

biomass: (CH1,37O0,61)

2 4 2 61 , 37 , 1

6575 , 3425 , 3525 , CO CH O O CH    

2 4 2 61 , 37 , 1

48125 , 51875 , 3525 , CO CH O H O CH    

with allothermal steam gasification with autothermal

  • xygen gasification

Hydrogen production

Bavarian Projects

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SLIDE 25

www.evt.cbi.uni-erlangen.de Department Chemie- und Bioingenieurwesen (CBI)  Lehrstuhl für Energieverfahrenstechnik  Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Karl

Regional Leaders Summit, RLS Energy Network, Western Cape (ZA), 12 March 2014

Role of Biofuels

Technologies Bavarian Projects

Opportunities Conclusion

Folie 25

Bavarian Hydrogen Center

  • BHC focuses on the efficient production, storage and

utilization of renewable hydrogen

  • so-called “liquid hydrogen

carriers” (liquid organic hydrogen carrier – LOHC , i.e. Carbazol) store large amounts of hydrogen without losses at ambient conditions.

Bavarian Projects

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www.evt.cbi.uni-erlangen.de Department Chemie- und Bioingenieurwesen (CBI)  Lehrstuhl für Energieverfahrenstechnik  Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Karl

Regional Leaders Summit, RLS Energy Network, Western Cape (ZA), 12 March 2014

Role of Biofuels

Technologies Bavarian Projects

Opportunities Conclusion

Folie 26

Carbazol

H2

+

  • BHC focuses on the efficient production, storage and

utilization of renewable hydrogen

  • so-called “liquid hydrogen

carriers” (liquid organic hydrogen carrier – LOHC , i.e. Carbazol) store large amounts of hydrogen without losses at ambient conditions.

  • a functional storage facility

will be revealed as part of a demonstration system

Bavarian Hydrogen Center

Bavarian Projects

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SLIDE 27

www.evt.cbi.uni-erlangen.de Department Chemie- und Bioingenieurwesen (CBI)  Lehrstuhl für Energieverfahrenstechnik  Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Karl

Regional Leaders Summit, RLS Energy Network, Western Cape (ZA), 12 March 2014

Role of Biofuels

Technologies Bavarian Projects

Opportunities Conclusion

Folie 27

Work package

„Production of Hydrogen“

  • Heatpipe-Reformer 2.0 @ EVT with

in-situ hydrogen separation

CO, CO2, H2O etc. H2 biomass hydrogen permeable membrane (z.B. PdAg) porous filter tube

Bavarian Hydrogen Center

Bavarian Projects

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SLIDE 28

www.evt.cbi.uni-erlangen.de Department Chemie- und Bioingenieurwesen (CBI)  Lehrstuhl für Energieverfahrenstechnik  Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Karl

Regional Leaders Summit, RLS Energy Network, Western Cape (ZA), 12 March 2014

Role of Biofuels

Technologies Bavarian Projects

Opportunities Conclusion

Folie 28

  • 4. Research Needs and Opportunities

 Outline for a Joint Research program

Opportunities

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SLIDE 29

www.evt.cbi.uni-erlangen.de Department Chemie- und Bioingenieurwesen (CBI)  Lehrstuhl für Energieverfahrenstechnik  Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Karl

Regional Leaders Summit, RLS Energy Network, Western Cape (ZA), 12 March 2014

Role of Biofuels

Technologies Bavarian Projects

Opportunities Conclusion

Folie 29

Opportunities Biomass Wind, PV, Hydro Power Natural gas grid 1. Gas- family 2. Gas- family Hydrogen Partial Reforming biological Methanation Fermentation CO2 – separation Process heat Gas production Gas cleaning methanation Gas- conditioning State-of-the-art Research CHP Elektrolysis Thermo- chemical gasification H2 separation Catalytic Methanation „Biomethan“ „Power-to- Gas“ up to 5% H2 Syngas- cleaning Syngas/ town gas „Substitute Natural Gas“(SNG) „Power-to- Hydrogen“

Research needs for Biofuels in the Energy sector

(example: methanation)

  • there are many technologies and route options still to be developed
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SLIDE 30

www.evt.cbi.uni-erlangen.de Department Chemie- und Bioingenieurwesen (CBI)  Lehrstuhl für Energieverfahrenstechnik  Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Karl

Regional Leaders Summit, RLS Energy Network, Western Cape (ZA), 12 March 2014

Role of Biofuels

Technologies Bavarian Projects

Opportunities Conclusion

Folie 30

Do we need another joint research program?

If there‘s a gap between academic research and public policies…

  • … do academics fail to comply with public needs?
  • … do policy makers fail to comply with scientific insights realizations?

What is needed to gap bridges? Communication

Opportunities

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SLIDE 31

www.evt.cbi.uni-erlangen.de Department Chemie- und Bioingenieurwesen (CBI)  Lehrstuhl für Energieverfahrenstechnik  Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Karl

Regional Leaders Summit, RLS Energy Network, Western Cape (ZA), 12 March 2014

Role of Biofuels

Technologies Bavarian Projects

Opportunities Conclusion

Folie 31

Opportunities

Policy makers favorite type of communication

„We have to faciliate the dating process…“

Scientists favorite type of communication

What is needed to gap bridges? Communication

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SLIDE 32

www.evt.cbi.uni-erlangen.de Department Chemie- und Bioingenieurwesen (CBI)  Lehrstuhl für Energieverfahrenstechnik  Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Karl

Regional Leaders Summit, RLS Energy Network, Western Cape (ZA), 12 March 2014

Role of Biofuels

Technologies Bavarian Projects

Opportunities Conclusion

Folie 32

What is needed to gap bridges? Communication

Policy makers favorite type of communication Scientists communication 2.0

Opportunities

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SLIDE 33

www.evt.cbi.uni-erlangen.de Department Chemie- und Bioingenieurwesen (CBI)  Lehrstuhl für Energieverfahrenstechnik  Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Karl

Regional Leaders Summit, RLS Energy Network, Western Cape (ZA), 12 March 2014

Role of Biofuels

Technologies Bavarian Projects

Opportunities Conclusion

Folie 33

Expected outcome:

  • Scientific exchange and gain of knowledge
  • Lasting personal links between scientists and regions
  • Sustainable ond ongoing communication
  • New concepts and arguments for policy makers …

Scientists communication 3.0

What is needed to gap bridges? Communication

Proposal for a Joint Research Program:

  • each partner region should finance 1-2

PhD student for three years

  • each PhD student shall stay 36 month at

his own university and 2 x 3 months at an University of a partner region

  • all students/instructors should meet once

a year in order to communicate…

Conclusion