Impact of Non-International Armed Conflict on Female Education in - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Impact of Non-International Armed Conflict on Female Education in Pakistan (Case Study of District Swat) By Saeeda Khan

“Non-international armed conflicts are armed confrontations occurring within the territory of a single State and in which the armed forces of no other State are engaged against the central government”

International Institute of Humanitarian Law

• 9/11 event
• 2007 Lal Masjid siege

TYPES OF MILITANTS IN PKISTAN

• Religious organization (TNSM & TTP)
• Non-religious organization (BFF, BLA)

IDEOLOGY OF MILITANTS

• Violence against western culture
• Implementation of strict Sharia

Conflict among state military & different militant groups TALIBAN

INTRODUCTION

HISTORY OF MILITANCY IN SWAT

• Death penalty on CD shop owner and

barber

• Attack on government institutions &

security workforces

• Target killing
• Suicide bombing
• Restricted women to their homes only
• Targeting female education
• 116 girls school destroyed & damaged
• 80000 girls dropout from school

Conflict and Security: Civilian Casualties in Armed Conflict in Pakistan, Pakistan Institute for Peace Studies

• TNSM

2004

• Full control
• FC & Police failure in

crackdown

• Operation Rah-e-Haq

2007

• TTP emerged
• 14 Jan deadline for girls

school closure

• Extreme lawlessness
• Operation Rah-e-Rast

2009

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

• To find which education level cohort of girls have

suffered more as a result of NIAC.

• To find the views of respondent regarding the

violence against the female education.

• To analyze the most persistent forms of violence by

the militants against the school going girls.

Field survey Data Collection Tool & Technique Nature of DATA Primary Data Structured Questionnaire

Sample

350 literate female, calculated by using confidence interval of 5% and confidence level

• f 95% for total population of 212858.

Random selection Proportionally allocated

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Tehsil Kabal UC Dherai 100 Tehsil Matta UC Shakardara 110 Tehsil khwazakhela UC Fathepur 140

AREA OF STUDY

DATA ANALYSIS Education Level

• No. of Girls

currently enroll

• No. of Girls

attended in past TOTAL Primary 20 38 58 Secondary 126 56 182 Tertiary 104 6 110 Total 250 100 350

• No. of girls currently & previously enrolled in school

Source: Field Survey

36.4 31.0 20.7 63.6 69.0 79.3

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 Matta Kabal Khwazakhela Attended in past Currently going

Current and Past enrollment of girls in school Source: Field Survey

TYPE OF SCHOOL GIRLS ENROLLED IN PRE & POST CONFLICT

82.3 81.9 84.8 88.0

15.6 16.0 11.7 6.3

2.0 2.1 5.7 3.4

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0 Pre conflict2007 Post conflict2007 Pre conflict2009 Post conflict2009 Govt private Deeni Madrassa

Source: Field Survey

POST CONFLICT ECONOMIC CONDITION 42% 58% same worse Source: Field Survey

DROPOUT OF GIRLS FROM SCHOOL DURING CONFLICT (2007&2009)

27% 73% 35% 65%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% PRIMARY SECONDARY 2007 2009

Source: Field Survey

AGE OF GIRLS AND SCHOOL DROPOUT DURING 2009

2 39 50 7

10 20 30 40 50 60 less than 12 years 13-16 17-20 above 21

Age of girls

Source: Field Survey

Reasons for girls’ dropout (2009)

3% 3% 26% 5% 3% 60%

school at far distance no interest in education school destroyed parrddah cultural values Fear of militants

[PERCENTAG E] [PERCENTAG E] [PERCENTAG E] [PERCENTAG E]

school at far distance marriage school destroyed Fear of militants

Reasons of girls’ dropout (2007) Source: Field Survey

GAP IN EDUCATIONAL YEARS OF GIRLS

1 3 2 1 1

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 25% AND BELOW 26-50% 51-75% 75% AND ABOVE MATTA KABAL KHWAZAKHELA

Source: Field Survey

DESTRUCTION OF SCHOOLS BY THE MILITANTS IN 2007 & 2009

27.70% 22.70% 50.00% 15.90% 28.80% 55.30%

0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% PARTIALLY DESTROYED NOT DESTROYED FULLY DESTROYED 2007 2009

Source: Field Survey

INSECURITY AMONG THE GIRLS

76% 24%

YES NO Source: Field Survey

SCHOOLS OCCUPIED BY THE MILITANTS DURING 2007& 2009

18.4 1.6 81.6 98.4

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 2009 2007 Military Militants

Source: Field Survey

THREATENING OF FEMALE TEACHERS BY THE MILITANTS

45 76

55 24 2007 2009

Female teacher threaten Female teacher does not threaten

Source: Field Survey

RESPONDENTS VIEW POINT REGARDING FEMALE EDUCATION

2.3 82.6 89.7 97.7 17.4 10.3

SUPPORT BAN ON FEMALE EDUCATION FEMALE EDUCATION IS IMPORTANT FAVOUR HIGHER EDUCATION OF GIRLS

YES NO Source: Field Survey

WHY MILITANTS ATTACK FEMALE EDUCATION

58.9 98.9 98.6 60.0 70.0 41.1 1.1 1.4 40.0 30.0 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 FEMALE IS SOCIALLY WEAK TO BAN FEMALE EDUCATION FEMALE EDUCATION IS AGAINST ISLAM TO USE FEMALE SHOOLS AS THEIR HEADQUARTERS FEMALE EDUCATION IS A WESTERN CONCEPT

NO YES

Source: Field Survey

15.0 78.4 81.4 67.0 89.1 85.0 21.6 18.6 33.0 10.6 TO RING STRICT RULES OF SHARIA TO BE POITICALLY STRONG TO RESTRICT FEMALE EDUCATION TERRORISM IN THE AREA FOLLOWING FOERIGN AGENDA

YES NO

Source: Field Survey MAIN MOTIVE OF THE MILITANTS

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Policy Recommendation

• Rebuilt Schools
• Budget allocation for the education sector
• School security
• Education services at the time of conflict
• Political stability

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