Impact of Non-International Armed Conflict on Female Education in - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Impact of Non-International Armed Conflict on Female Education in Pakistan (Case Study of District Swat) By Saeeda Khan

“ Non-international armed conflicts are armed confrontations occurring within the territory of a single State and in which the armed forces of no other State are engaged against the central government ” International Institute of Humanitarian Law

INTRODUCTION • 9/11 event Conflict • 2007 Lal Masjid siege among state military & different militant groups TYPES OF MILITANTS IN PKISTAN • Religious organization (TNSM & TTP) • Non-religious organization (BFF, BLA) TALIBAN IDEOLOGY OF MILITANTS • Violence against western culture • Implementation of strict Sharia

HISTORY OF MILITANCY IN SWAT 2007 • TTP emerged • 14 Jan deadline for girls • Full control • TNSM school closure • FC & Police failure in • Extreme lawlessness crackdown • Operation Rah-e-Rast • Operation Rah-e-Haq 2004 2009 • Death penalty on CD shop owner and barber • Attack on government institutions & security workforces • Target killing • Suicide bombing • 116 girls school destroyed & damaged • Restricted women to their homes only • 80000 girls dropout from school • Targeting female education Conflict and Security: Civilian Casualties in Armed Conflict in Pakistan, Pakistan Institute for Peace Studies

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY • To find which education level cohort of girls have suffered more as a result of NIAC. • To find the views of respondent regarding the violence against the female education. • To analyze the most persistent forms of violence by the militants against the school going girls.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Nature of Primary Data DATA Structured Questionnaire Data Collection Field survey Tool & Technique 350 literate female, calculated by using confidence interval of 5% and confidence level of 95% for total population of 212858. Sample Random selection Proportionally allocated

AREA OF STUDY Tehsil Kabal UC Dherai 100 Tehsil Matta UC Shakardara 110 Tehsil khwazakhela UC Fathepur 140

DATA ANALYSIS No. of girls currently & previously enrolled in school No. of Girls No. of Girls Education Level TOTAL currently enroll attended in past Primary 20 38 58 Secondary 126 56 182 Tertiary 104 6 110 Total 250 100 350 Source: Field Survey

Current and Past enrollment of girls in school 90.0 80.0 79.3 70.0 69.0 63.6 60.0 50.0 40.0 36.4 30.0 31.0 20.0 20.7 10.0 0.0 Matta Kabal Khwazakhela Attended in past Currently going Source: Field Survey

TYPE OF SCHOOL GIRLS ENROLLED IN PRE & POST CONFLICT 100.0 90.0 88.0 84.8 80.0 82.3 81.9 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 16.0 15.6 10.0 11.7 2.0 2.1 5.7 3.4 6.3 0.0 Pre conflict2007 Post conflict2007 Pre conflict2009 Post conflict2009 Govt private Deeni Madrassa Source: Field Survey

POST CONFLICT ECONOMIC CONDITION 42% same worse 58% Source: Field Survey

DROPOUT OF GIRLS FROM SCHOOL DURING CONFLICT (2007&2009) 65% SECONDARY 73% 35% PRIMARY 27% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 2007 2009 Source: Field Survey

AGE OF GIRLS AND SCHOOL DROPOUT DURING 2009 60 50 50 40 39 30 20 10 7 2 0 less than 12 years 13-16 17-20 above 21 Age of girls Source: Field Survey

Reasons for girls’ dropout (2009) Reasons of girls’ dropout (2007) 3% 3% school at far distance [PERCENTAG [PERCENTAG E] school at far distance no interest in E] education 26% school destroyed [PERCENTAG marriage E] parrddah school destroyed 60% [PERCENTAG cultural values E] 5% Fear of militants 3% Fear of militants Source: Field Survey

GAP IN EDUCATIONAL YEARS OF GIRLS 3.5 3 3 2.5 2 2 1.5 1 1 1 1 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25% AND BELOW 26-50% 51-75% 75% AND ABOVE MATTA KABAL KHWAZAKHELA Source: Field Survey

DESTRUCTION OF SCHOOLS BY THE MILITANTS IN 2007 & 2009 60.00% 55.30% 50.00% 50.00% 40.00% 28.80% 27.70% 30.00% 22.70% 20.00% 15.90% 10.00% 0.00% PARTIALLY DESTROYED NOT DESTROYED FULLY DESTROYED 2007 2009 Source: Field Survey

INSECURITY AMONG THE GIRLS 24% YES NO 76% Source: Field Survey

SCHOOLS OCCUPIED BY THE MILITANTS DURING 2007& 2009 2007 1.6 98.4 2009 18.4 81.6 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 Military Militants Source: Field Survey

THREATENING OF FEMALE TEACHERS BY THE MILITANTS Female teacher threaten Female teacher does not threaten 2009 76 24 2007 45 55 Source: Field Survey

RESPONDENTS VIEW POINT REGARDING FEMALE EDUCATION 97.7 89.7 82.6 17.4 2.3 10.3 SUPPORT BAN ON FEMALE FEMALE EDUCATION IS FAVOUR HIGHER EDUCATION OF EDUCATION IMPORTANT GIRLS YES NO Source: Field Survey

WHY MILITANTS ATTACK FEMALE EDUCATION 30.0 FEMALE EDUCATION IS A WESTERN CONCEPT 70.0 40.0 TO USE FEMALE SHOOLS AS THEIR HEADQUARTERS 60.0 1.4 FEMALE EDUCATION IS AGAINST ISLAM 98.6 1.1 TO BAN FEMALE EDUCATION 98.9 41.1 FEMALE IS SOCIALLY WEAK 58.9 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 NO YES Source: Field Survey

https://wordpress.com?action=wpcom-invite-users&key=3e092cd8c6b703f09fca11dacc5c36c3&blog_id=78136127 MAIN MOTIVE OF THE MILITANTS 89.1 85.0 81.4 78.4 67.0 33.0 21.6 18.6 15.0 10.6 TO RING STRICT TO BE POITICALLY TO RESTRICT TERRORISM IN THE FOLLOWING RULES OF SHARIA STRONG FEMALE EDUCATION AREA FOERIGN AGENDA YES NO Source: Field Survey

Policy Recommendation • Rebuilt Schools • Budget allocation for the education sector • School security • Education services at the time of conflict • Political stability

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