Immunity & Vaccination John Helps BVetMed CertSAM MRCVS Senior - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Immunity & Vaccination

John Helps BVetMed CertSAM MRCVS Senior Technical Manager- CABU

Overview

• Immune system
• Vaccines and vaccination
• Nobivac Vaccine range

The Immune System

• Innate Immunity
• Acquired Immunity
• Humoral
• Cell Mediated
• Passive Immunity

Innate Immunity

• Immediate and rapidly activated
• Non specific response WBCs and proteins,
• Inflammation
• Surfaces in direct contact with the environment
• Not stimulated by vaccines

Acquired or adaptive Immunity

• Specific response and has memory
• Cells present in spleen, LNs, body surfaces and bloodstream
• Involves active surveillance
• Subsequent exposure to same infective agent provides a fast and

more powerful adaptive immune response

• Two key functional divisions: humoral and cell–mediated

Humoral Immunity

• B-lymphocytes and plasma cells,

(supported by T-helper cells)

• Production of Antibodies:
• Block receptor binding
• Opsonise for phagocytosis
• Complement-mediated lysis
• Agglutination
• Neutralisation

Th B Pla

Cell Mediated Immunity

• Th-cells, NK cells, Cytotoxic Tc-cells cells
• Cytotoxic destruction of infected target cells
• Induction of apoptosis
• Cytokine mediated process
• Regulatory T-cells

Th NK Tc

Measuring immune response

• Variable correlation of protection between circulating Ab and

protection against infection:

• What cut-off titre and what serological test?
• Gold standard measure is controlled challenge

Good Weaker/Poor CDV FCV CAV FHV CPV CPi FPV Bb Leptospirosis

Passive Immunity

• Derived from transfer of antibodies- humoral transfer only
• Maternally derived antibody
• Passive immunisation
• Antisera
• Antitoxins
• Rapid effect but no memory and rapidly wanes

Types:

Passive Immunity Active Immunity Natural Maternally Derived Antibody Humoral Only Natural Exposure to Infection Humoral and Cell Mediated Response Artificial Antisera Antitoxins Humoral Only Vaccines Humoral +/- Cell Mediated Response

Aims of Vaccination

• To protect the individual

from lethal or disease producing infections

• To protect populations
• Herd Immunity
• Economic Benefits
• To prevent human disease

Types of vaccine

• Live vaccines
• Virulent
• Attenuated (e.g. MLV)
• Apathogenic
• Heterologous
• Inactivated vaccines
• Inactivated/killed
• Others
• Sub-unit vaccines
• Gene deletion vaccines
• Vectored vaccines

Live Vaccines

• Live organism which can infect cells and replicate but not induce pathology or

disease

• After injection travels to relevant sites in the body
• Virulent
• Orf
• Attenuated
• CPV, CAV, CDV
• FCV, FHV, FPV
• Heterologous

Inactivated & Recombinant Vaccines

• Antigenically intact but don’t replicate/infect cells
• Inactivated
• Nobivac Lepto2/ L4
• Nobivac Rabies
• Sub unit vaccines
• Nobivac FeLV
• Gene deletion vaccines
• Equilis StrepE
• Nobivac Myxo-RHD
• Vectored vaccines
• Nobivac Myxo-RHD

Recombinant

Live vs inactivated vaccines?

Live Inactivated Broad immunity: Usually CMI + Humoral Good humoral response in many cases +/- CMI Rapid onset Slower onset Single dose may be effective Multiple doses for optimum effect Longer DOI? Shorter DOI? No need for adjuvant Often adjuvanted Better in the face of MDA May be more difficult to break through MDA Reversion to virulence? No concern about residual virulence

Primary vaccination

Response to vaccination varies

Factors that can mitigate against an optimum response:

• Genetic factors
• Parasitism
• Health and Nutrition
• Age
• Concurrent medication
• Stress
• Biological Variation
• MDA levels

Vaccination and MDA

Nobivac Vaccine Range

Nobivac offers the broadest range of small animal vaccines

Allows practices flexibility to choose a fully supported modern tailored approach to vaccination… Nobivac DHPPi Nobivac DHP Nobivac Lepto 2 Nobivac L4 Nobivac Pi Nobivac Parvo-C Nobivac KC Nobivac Rabies Nobivac Tricat Trio Nobivac Ducat Nobivac FeLV Nobivac Bb for cats Nobivac Myxo-RHD

Key Canine Infectious Diseases

• Distemper
• Infectious Canine Hepatitis
• Parvovirus
• Leptospirosis
• Infectious canine tracheobronchitis
• Rabies

Industry leading options on protocols

• Choice of DHPPi or DHP for the core components from as early as 6 weeks
• Choice of L4 and Lepto2 for leptospirosis – use from as early as 6 weeks
• Bivalent intranasal Nobivc KC for optimum control of Bb and Pi from 3 weeks of

age

• Standalone Parvo-C vaccine- option from 4 weeks of age where increased risk of

parvovirus is anticipated in puppies

• Efficacy in the face of expected levels of MDA which allows a minimum finish of

10 weeks

• All canine vaccines licensed for use during pregnancy

Core Components DHP

• Live attenuated vaccine components
• 3 Year DOI
• OOI 1 week
• Use from 6 weeks
• 10 week minimum finish
• C154 strain gives a prevention of shedding claim for our

parvovirus vaccines for the full 3 year duration of immunity

• Parvo cross protection vs CPV 2a, 2b, 2c

Nobivac Lepto 2 and L4

• Inactivated non-adjuvanted
• Annual revaccination recommended
• Reduction of infection and urinary excretion

Serogroup Coverage (representative serovar) Lepto 2 L4 Canicola Icterohaemorrhagiae Australis Grippotyphosa

European leptospirosis

vaccine 4 key serogroups dominate reports from clinical case submissions:

• Australis (esp. Bratislava)
• Icterohaemorrhagiae (incl.

Copenhageni)

• Canicola
• Grippotyphosa

Nobivac L4

VLA seropositive results from clinical case submissions (4 years to 2011)

39.8% 22.0% 11.7% 7.6% 3.8% 15.1%

copenhageni canicola bratislava icterohaemorrhagiae australis

• thers

Nobivac Lepto Vaccine Quality/testing

• Low BSA formulation (“Vaccipure”

technology)

• Helps minimise risk of hypersensitivity

reactions

• Nobivac L4 was the first vaccine to benefit

from in-vitro batch quality testing

• Antigenic mass ELISA developed by MSD

as part of its commitment to “3Rs”

• Avoids the need for laboratory animals

in batch quality testing

Nobivac KC

• Live attenuated Bb and CPiV
• Use from 3 weeks
• OOI Bb 72 hours and CPiV 3 weeks
• DOI 12 months

Nobivac Pi

• Live attenuated vaccine, “non-core” antigen
• Use from 8 weeks with a minimum finish of 10 weeks
• Single dose sufficient primary course from 12 weeks
• SPC OOI 4 weeks
• Annual booster option where Nobivac KC not used

Nobivac Rabies

• Inactivated vaccine
• Use from 3 months (from 4 weeks)
• Dogs, cats – also data on ferrets
• DOI 3 years, (ferrets 18 months)
• Compatibility data allows concurrent use in dogs/cats
• Purchase of Nobivac vaccines linked to Afya Project vaccine

provision

Licensed combination/concurrent use

• DHP, Parvo-C

Lepto 2, L4, Rabies , KC

• DHPPi, Pi

Lepto 2, L4 and Rabies

• KC

DHP, Lepto 2 and L4

• Rabies

DHPPi, DHP and Lepto 2

Feline Infectious Diseases

• Feline herpesvirus
• Feline calicivirus
• Feline panleucopaenia
• Feline leukaemia
• Bordetella bronchiseptica
• (Chlamydophila felis)

Nobivac Cat Vaccines

• Nobivac Tricat Trio
• Nobivac Ducat
• Nobivac FeLV
• Nobivac Bb
• Nobivac Rabies

Industry leading choice and flexibility

• Modified live vaccines efficacious in face of expected levels
• f MDA
• Early use of Nobivac Ducat from 6 weeks where early risk of

FURTD is anticipated

• Use of Nobivac Bb from 4 weeks of age
• Extended DOI for FPL for 3 years

Nobivac Tricat Trio

• Live attenuated FCV, FHV & FPV
• Use from 8-9 weeks
• Minimum 12 week finish
• OOI*

FCV & FHV 4 weeks, FPV 3 weeks

• DOI

FCV & FHV 1 year, FPV 3 years

• Feline panleucopaenia (FPL) MW-1 strain offers a full three years

duration of immunity

Nobivac FeLV

• Recombinant vaccine
• From 8 weeks of age
• OOI 2 weeks
• DOI 1 year
• Unique epitope purity (p45 antigen)
• Offers active immunisation vs persistent viraemia and associated

clinical signs

Extended 3 year DOI Cat Vaccination Protocol (for Feline Panleucopaenia)

Nobivac Myxo-RHD

• Unique live bivalent myxoma vectored RHD

vaccine available since 2013

• Non-adjuvanted
• 1ml subcutaneous vaccination
• Single dose primary course
• Minimum age 5 weeks
• 12 months DOI for both components

Vaccine Guidelines

Vaccination in practice

• SPCs/ Datasheets
• Vaccine protocols and guidelines
• Safety- increasing focus
• Disease risks
• Surveillance
• Communication
• Risk/benefit analysis
• Renewed focus on wellbeing and preventative health

Any Questions??

• TPS team
• call 01908 685685
• or fax 01908 685606
• vet-support.uk@merck.com
• www.msd-animal-health.co.uk