IEEE 802.15.4 and Zigbee CS 687 University of Kentucky Fall 2015 - - PDF document

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IEEE 802.15.4 and Zigbee CS 687 University of Kentucky Fall 2015 - - PDF document

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IEEE 802.15.4 and Zigbee CS 687 University of Kentucky Fall 2015 Acknowledgment: Some slides are adapted from presentations by Bob Heile from ZigBee Alliance, Joe Dvorak from Motorola, Geir E. Oien from NTNU, and Marco Naevve from Eaton

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IEEE 802.15.4 and Zigbee

CS 687 University of Kentucky Fall 2015

Acknowledgment: Some slides are adapted from presentations by Bob Heile from ZigBee Alliance, Joe Dvorak from Motorola, Geir E. Oien from NTNU, and Marco Naevve from Eaton Corporation.

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Outline

  • Introduction
  • PHY Layer
  • MAC Layer
  • Network Layer
  • Applications
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  • Home Networking
  • Automotive Networks
  • Industrial Networks
  • Interactive Toys
  • Remote Metering
  • Active RFID/asset

tracking

IEEE 802.15.4 Application Space

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  • Networks form by themselves, scale to large

sizes and operate for years without manual intervention

  • Extremely long battery life (years on AA cell),

– low infrastructure cost (low device & setup costs) – low complexity and small size

  • Low device data rate and QoS
  • Standardized protocols allow multiple vendors

to interoperate

Sensor/Control Network Requirements

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The IEEE 802 Wireless Space

Data Rate (Mbps)

Range

ZigBee 802.15.4 15.4c

802.15.3 802.15.3c WPAN WLAN WMAN WWAN WiFi 802.11 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

Bluetooth 802.15.1

IEEE 802.22 WiMax IEEE 802.16 IEEE 802.20

ZigBee standard uniquely fills a gap for low data rate applications

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IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Applications IEEE 802.15.4 2400 MHz PHY IEEE 802.15.4 868/915 MHz PHY

802.15.4 / ZigBee Architecture

ZigBee

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802.15.4 General Characteristics

Data rates of 250 kb/s, 40 kb/s and 20 kb/s. Star or Peer-to-Peer operation. Support for low latency devices. Fully handshaked protocol for transfer reliability. Low power consumption. Frequency Bands of Operation

16 channels in the 2.4GHz ISM* band 10 channels in the 915MHz ISM band 1 channel in the European 868MHz band.

* ISM: Industrial, Scientific, Medical

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Wireless Technology Comparison Chart

356 A

34KB /14KB

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  • Organized as an independent, neutral,

nonprofit corporation in 2002

  • Open and global
  • Anyone can join and participate
  • Membership is global
  • Activity includes
  • Specification creation
  • Certification and compliance programs
  • Branding, market development, and user

education

ZigBee Alliance

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The ZigBee Promoters

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ZigBee Member Geographic Distribution

29% 28% 43%

Asia / Pacific Europe / Middle East /Africa North /South America

Region November 2006

Asia / Pacific 60 (29%) Europe / Middle East/Africa 58 (28%) North/South America 86 (43%) Total Member Companies 204

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TELECOM SERVICES

m-commerce info services

  • bject interaction

(Internet of Things)

ZigBee Applications

ZigBee

Wireless Control that Simply Works

HOME CONTROL CONSUMER ELECTRONICS

TV VCR DVD/CD remote security HVAC lighting control access control irrigation

PC & PERIPHERALS INDUSTRIAL CONTROL

asset mgt process control environmental energy mgt

PERSONAL HEALTH CARE BUILDING AUTOMATION

security HVAC AMR lighting control access control mouse keyboard joystick patient monitoring fitness monitoring

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Outline

  • Introduction
  • PHY Layer
  • MAC Layer
  • Network Layer
  • Applications

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IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Applications IEEE 802.15.4 2400 MHz PHY IEEE 802.15.4 868/915 MHz PHY

802.15.4 / ZigBee Architecture

ZigBee

  • Packet generation
  • Packet reception
  • Data transparency
  • Power Management
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Basic Radio Characteristics

ZigBee technology relies upon IEEE 802.15.4, which has excellent performance in low SNR environments

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Operating Frequency Bands

868MHz / 915MHz PHY

2.4 GHz 868.3 MHz

Channel 0 Channels 1-10 Channels 11-26

2.4835 GHz 928 MHz 902 MHz 5 MHz 2 MHz

2.4 GHz PHY

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IEEE 802.15.4 PHY layer tasks

  • activate/deactivate transceivers (low duty cycle saves

energy)

  • estimate signal strengths (energy detection) as part of

CSMA mechanism

  • compute link quality indicators (LQI, or SINR)
  • listen to channels and declare availability or not (clear

channel assessment -CCA)

  • tuning of transceivers to supported channels
  • transmit and receive data (16-symbol ”quasi-orthogonal”

modulation using O-QPSK and DSSS)

  • conform to out-of-band power level regulations

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Packet Structure

Preamble Start of Packet Delimiter PHY Header PHY Service Data Unit (PSDU)

PHY Packet Fields

  • Preamble (32 bits) – synchronization
  • Start of Packet Delimiter (8 bits)
  • PHY Header (8 bits) – PSDU length
  • PSDU (0 to 1016 bits) – Data field

6 Octets 0-127 Octets

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Outline

  • Introduction
  • PHY Layer
  • MAC Layer
  • Network Layer
  • Applications

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802.15.4 Architecture

IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Applications IEEE 802.15.4 2400 MHz PHY IEEE 802.15.4 868/915 MHz PHY

  • Channel acquisition
  • Contention mgt
  • NIC address
  • Error Correction

ZigBee

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 Extremely low cost  Ease of implementation  Reliable data transfer  Short range operation

  • Very low power consumption

Simple but flexible protocol

Design Drivers

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IEEE 802.15.4 Device Classes

  • Full function device (FFD)

– Any topology – PAN coordinator capable – Talks to any other device – Implements complete protocol set

  • Reduced function device (RFD)

– Limited to star topology or end-device in a peer-to- peer network. – Cannot become a PAN coordinator – Very simple implementation – Reduced protocol set

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IEEE 802.15.4 Definitions

  • Network

Device: An RFD

  • r

FFD implementation containing an IEEE 802.15.4 medium access control and physical interface to the wireless medium.

  • Coordinator:

An FFD with network device functionality that provides coordination and

  • ther services to the network.
  • PAN Coordinator: A coordinator that is the

principal controller of the PAN. A network has exactly one PAN coordinator.

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IEEE 802.15.4 MAC layer tasks

  • for PAN coordinators: generate beacons (if operating in

beacon-enabled mode)

– A beacon is a special frame sent out by the PAN coordinator for the purpose of synchronization with other units. Beacon-enabled mode offers power savings since units can ”sleep” between being ”woken up” by beacons.

  • for all nodes: synchronize against received beacons
  • maintain and break up PAN connections
  • give channel access to nodes according to CSMA-CA

(based on PHY layer info)

  • maintain guaranteed time slot mechanism in beacon-

enabled mode

  • frame acknowledgement, ARQ, CRC
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802.15.4 Channel Access Options

  • Non-beacon network

– A simple, traditional multiple access system used in simple peer and near-peer networks– – Standard CSMA-CA communications – Positive acknowledgement for successfully received packets

  • Beacon-enabled network:

– Network coordinator transmits beacons (start and end of time- slotted superframe) at predetermined intervals – Superframe may be split between contention access period, contention free period (containing guaranteed time slots), and inactive period – Beacon Mode powerful for controlling power consumption in extended networks like cluster tree or mesh – Allows all clients in a local piece of the network the ability to know when to communicate with each other – PAN coordinator manages the channel and arranges the calls

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Typical Network Topologies

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Low-Power Operation

  • Duty-cycle control using superframe structure

– Beacon order and superframe order – Coordinator battery life extension

  • Indirect data transmission
  • Devices may sleep for extended period over

multiple beacons

  • Allows control of receiver state by higher

layers

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Optional Frame Structure

15ms * 2n where 0  n  14

GTS 3 GTS 2

Network beacon Transmitted by PAN coordinator. Contains network information, frame structure and notification of pending node messages. Beacon extension period Space reserved for beacon growth due to pending node messages Contention period Access by any node using CSMA-CA Guaranteed Time Slot Reserved for nodes requiring guaranteed bandwidth [n = 0].

GTS 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Slot Battery life extension

Contention Access Period Contention Free Period

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Optional Frame Structure

  • Superframe may have inactive period

15ms * 2BO where SO ≤ BO ≤ 14 15ms * 2SO where 0 ≤ SO ≤ 14 SO = Superframe order BO = Beacon order

Inactive Period

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General Frame Structure

Payload PHY Layer MAC Layer MAC Header (MHR) MAC Footer (MFR) MAC Protocol Data Unit (MPDU) MAC Service Data Unit (MSDU) PHY Header (PHR)

  • Synch. Header

(SHR) PHY Service Data Unit (PSDU)

4 Types of MAC Frames:

  • Data Frame
  • Beacon Frame
  • Acknowledgment Frame
  • MAC Command Frame
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General MAC Frame Format

Octets:2 1 0/2 0/2/8 0/2 0/2/8 variable 2 Destination PAN identifier Destination address Source PAN identifier Source address MAC payload MAC footer Frame check sequence MAC header Addressing fields Frame control Sequence number Frame payload

Bits: 0-2 3 4 5 6 7-9 10-11 12-13 14-15 Frame type Sequrity enabled Frame pending

  • Ack. Req.

Intra PAN Reserved Dest. addressing mode Reserved Source addressing mode

Frame control field

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Beacon Frame Format

Bits: 0-3 4-7 8-11 12 13 14 15 Beacon

  • rder

Superframe

  • rder

Final CAP slot Battery life extension Reserved PAN coordinator Association permit

Octets:2 1 4 or 10 2 variable variable variable 2 MAC footer Frame check sequence MAC header Source address information MAC payload Superframe specification GTS fields Pending address fields Frame control Beacon sequence number Beacon payload

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MAC Command Frame

  • Command Frame Types

– Association request – Association response – Disassociation notification – Data request – PAN ID conflict notification – Orphan Notification – Beacon request – Coordinator realignment – GTS request

Octets:2 1 4 to 20 1 variable 2 MAC footer Frame check sequence Frame control Data sequence number Address information MAC header MAC payload Command type Command payload

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Data Frame Format Acknowledgement Frame Format

Octets:2 1 2 MAC footer Frame check sequence MAC header Frame control Data sequence number

Octets:2 1 4 to 20 variable 2 MAC Payload MAC footer Data payload Frame check sequence MAC header Frame control Data sequence number Address information

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Data Service

  • Data transfer to neighboring devices

– Acknowledged or unacknowledged – Direct or indirect – Using GTS service

  • Maximum data length (MSDU)

aMaxMACFrameSize (102 bytes)

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  • Periodic data

– Application defined rate (e.g. sensors)

  • Intermittent data

– Application/external stimulus defined rate (e.g. light switch)

  • Repetitive low latency data

– Allocation of time slots (e.g. mouse)

Traffic Types

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Slotted CSMA Procedure

NB = 0, CW = 0 Battery life extension? BE = macMinBE BE = lesser of (2, macMinBE) Locate backoff period boundary Delay for random(2BE - 1) unit backoff periods Perform CCA on backoff period boundary Channel idle? CW = 2, NB = NB+1, BE = min(BE+1, aMaxBE) CW = CW - 1 CW = 0?

NB> macMaxCSMABackoffs ?

Failure Success Slotted CSMA Y Y Y Y N N N N

Used in beacon enabled networks.

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Un-slotted CSMA Procedure

NB = 0, BE = macMinBE Delay for random(2BE - 1) unit backoff periods Perform CCA Channel idle? NB = NB+1, BE = min(BE+1, aMaxBE)

NB> macMaxCSMABackoffs ?

Failure Success Un-slotted CSMA Y Y N N

Used in non-beacon networks.

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Outline

  • Introduction
  • PHY Layer
  • MAC Layer
  • Network Layer
  • Applications

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802.15.4 Architecture

IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Applications IEEE 802.15.4 2400 MHz PHY IEEE 802.15.4 868/915 MHz PHY

  • Network Routing
  • Address translation
  • Packet

Segmentation

  • Profiles

ZigBee

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  • 65,536 network (client) nodes
  • 27 channels over 2 bands
  • 250Kbps data rate
  • Optimized for timing-critical

applications and power management

  • Full Mesh Networking Support

Network coordinator Full Function node Reduced Function node Communications flow Virtual links

Basic Network Characteristics

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Full function device Reduced function device Communications flow

Master/slave PAN Coordinator

Star Topology

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Full function device Communications flow

Point to point Cluster tree

Peer-Peer Topology

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Full function device Reduced function device Communications flow

Clustered stars - for example, cluster nodes exist between rooms

  • f a hotel and each room has a

star network for control.

Combined Topology

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Slide Courtesy of

ZigBee Mesh Networking

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Slide Courtesy of

ZigBee Mesh Networking

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Slide Courtesy of

ZigBee Mesh Networking

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Slide Courtesy of

ZigBee Mesh Networking

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Slide Courtesy of

ZigBee Mesh Networking

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ZigBee Routing

  • Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV)

– Path discovery on demand – Path maintenance (inform upstream nodes of broken links for active source nodes)

  • Cluster-Tree Algorithm

– Single cluster network

  • Cluster head selection

– Multi-cluster network

  • Designated device for assigning a unique cluster ID to each

cluster head

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Outline

  • Introduction
  • PHY Layer
  • MAC Layer
  • Network Layer
  • Applications

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Application Profiles

  • Application profiles define what messages are sent over the air for a

given application

  • Devices with the same application profiles interoperate end to end
  • ZigBee publishes a set of public profiles, but vendors may create

manufacturer specific ones as well

Physical Radio (PHY) Medium Access (MAC) Application ZDO NWK

App Support (APS)

SSP

Clusters 0: off 1: on 2: scene 1 3: scene 2 Clusters 0: fan off 1: fan on 2: temp set 3: time set

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Manufacturer Specific Profiles

  • Allows a vendor to build specialized products with a ZigBee Compliant

Platform

  • Certification testing ensures their product does not harm other ZigBee

networks

  • Manufacturer specific applications are not intended to interoperate at the

application layer

  • Allows product vendor to use ZigBee language and logos on their product

Physical Radio (PHY) Medium Access (MAC) Application ZDO NWK

App Support (APS)

SSP Certification testing ensures application does not interfere with other ZigBee networks

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ZigBee Public Profiles

  • Guarantees interoperability between products all running the same

public application profile

  • Product vendors may add additional features to the public profiles
  • Allows product vendor to use ZigBee language and logos on their

product

Physical Radio (PHY) Medium Access (MAC) Application ZDO NWK

App Support (APS)

SSP Ensures application conforms to a specific public application profile

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Interoperability Summary

  • Devices built on ZigBee interoperate on different levels
  • Wide spectrum of interoperability choices
  • It’s a designer choice on level of vendor interoperability to

support

Interop capable starting point Network interop Public application interop Manufacturer Specific application interop ZigBee Compliant Platform [ZCP] ZigBee Manufacturer Specific Application Profiles ZigBee Public Application Profiles

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Some Application Profiles

  • Home Automation [HA]

– Defines set of devices used in home automation

  • Light switches
  • Thermostats
  • Window shade
  • Heating unit
  • etc.
  • Industrial Plant

Monitoring

– Consists of device definitions for sensors used in industrial control

  • Temperature
  • Pressure sensors
  • Infrared
  • etc.
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More Application Profiles

  • Multiple profiles at various stages of completion

– Commercial Building Automation

  • Building control, management, and monitoring

– Telecom Services/M-commerce – Automated Meter Reading

  • Addresses utility meter reading

– Wireless Sensor Networks

  • Very low power unattended networks
  • Vendors may form new profile groups within

ZigBee and/or propose private profiles for consideration

  • 400+ private profile IDs issued

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Multi-Profile Devices

  • Vendor devices may

implement multiple profiles

  • Additional application

profiles live on different endpoints within the device

  • Allows creation of vendor

specific extensions

PHYSICAL RADIO (PHY) MEDIUM ACCESS (MAC) APP APP … ZDO NWK APS SSP Endpoint 2: Home Automation - thermostat Endpoint 6: Vendor proprietary extensions

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ZigBee – Highly Reliable

  • Mesh networking protocol provides redundant

paths

  • Automatic retries and acknowledgements
  • Parents keep track of messages for sleeping

children

  • High intrinsic interference tolerance

– Multiple channels – Supports Frequency agility – Robust modulation

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ZigBee – Highly Secure

  • Utilizes AES 128-bit encryption
  • Concept of a “trust center”
  • Link and network keys
  • Authentication and encryption
  • Security can be customized for the

application

  • Keys can be “hard-wired” into

application

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Home Awareness

Home Heartbeat

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Home Entertainment & Control

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In-Home Patient Monitoring

  • Patients receive better care at

reduced cost with more freedom and comfort---

– Patients can remain in their own home

  • Monitors vital statistics and sends via internet
  • Doctors can adjust medication levels

– Allows monitoring of elderly family member

  • Sense movement or usage patterns in a home
  • Turns lights on when they get out of bed
  • Notify via mobile phone when anomalies occur
  • Wireless panic buttons for falls or other

problems

– Can also be used in hospital care

  • Patients are allowed greater movement
  • Reduced staff to patient ratio

graphic graphic

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Commercial Lighting Control

  • Wireless lighting control

– Dimmable intelligent ballasts – Light switches/sensors anywhere – Customizable lighting schemes – Quantifiable energy savings – Opportunities in residential, light commercial and commercial

  • Extendable networks

– Lighting network can be integrated with and/or be used by other building control solutions

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HVAC Energy Management

  • Hotel energy

management

– Centralized HVAC management allow hotel

  • perator to ensure empty

rooms are not cooled – Easy to retrofit – Battery operated thermostats, occupancy detectors, humidistats can be placed for convenience – Personalized room settings at check-in

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AMR network example

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  • Rapid method to help manage

global electric generation shortage and meet existing and pending legislation for energy control

  • Can network with other ZigBee

devices in the home for load control – e.g. Heating/AC, Security, Lighting, White Goods

  • Worldwide standard ZigBee allows

communications between various meter types from different manufacturers.

Advanced Metering Platform with ZigBee

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Why ZigBee?

  • Standards based
  • Low cost
  • Can be used globally
  • Reliable and self healing
  • Supports large number of nodes
  • Easy to deploy
  • Very long battery life
  • Secure
  • Open Standards Enable

Markets