Identity and place: The changing role of Swabian in modern Germany - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Identity and place: The changing role of Swabian in modern Germany Karen V. Beaman Queen Mary, University of London Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen Conference on Language, Place and Periphery University of Copenhagen, Denmark January 18-19, 2018 Beaman – Language, Place and Periphery – University of Copenhagen – January 2018 Page 1

Research Goals The goals of this research are: • to understand the nature and extent of dialect change in Swabia • to uncover the factors driving the attrition or retention of various dialect features. Beaman – Language, Place and Periphery – University of Copenhagen – January 2018 Page 2

Research Background • Dialect Attrition / Dialect Contact Auer (2005); Britain (2009); Dorian (1978); Schilling-Estes & Wolfram (1999); Moore & Carter (2015); Smith & Durham (2012); Trudgill (1983, 1986); Vandekerckhove & Britain (2009); Wagener (2002) • Apparent and Real Time Studies Labov (1966, 1975, 1991, 2001, ...); Sankoff (2005, 2006); Sankoff & Blondeau (2007); Wagner & Sankoff (2011) • Longitudinal / Lifespan Studies Buchstaller (2015, 2016); Chambers (2003); Denis & Tagliamonte (2017); Rickford & Price (2013); Sankoff & Laberge (1978); Tagliamonte & D’Arcy (2009); Wagner (2012) • Spatiality / Mobility Auer (2007); Blommaert (2016); Britain (2012, 2013, 2016); Coupland (2016); Johnstone et al. (2006); Johnstone (2011); Milroy (2002) • Identity / Orientation Cheshire (2005); Coupland (2001); Eckert (1988); Johnstone (2016); Hoffmann & Walker (2010); LePage & Tabouret-Keller (1985); Sharma & Rampton (2015) Beaman – Language, Place and Periphery – University of Copenhagen – January 2018 Page 3

Swabian Swabian or Schwäbisch is a High German dialect, belonging to the Alemannic family, spoken by just over 800,000 people. Two communities: • Stuttgart area • Schwäbisch Gmünd Beaman – Language, Place and Periphery – University of Copenhagen – January 2018 Page 4

Two Speech Communities Stuttgart Schwäbisch Gmünd Beaman – Language, Place and Periphery – University of Copenhagen – January 2018 Page 5

Corpus and Current Sample 2017 72 speakers 1982 40 speakers 24 speakers 16 speakers Stuttgart Gmünd 36 speakers 36 speakers Panel Study Stuttgart Gmünd 13 speakers Beaman – Language, Place and Periphery – University of Copenhagen – January 2018 Page 6

Linguistic Variables being Investigated Level Description Variation (SWG ~ STD) Examples (SWG ~ STD) [ fɛ∫t ] ~ [ fɛst ] STP – /-st/ Palatalisation [∫t] ~ [st] Phonological 1 Fest ‘ party ’ [ gləin ] / [ glɔin ] ~ [klain] AIS1 – /ai/ Diphthong Shift [ ɔi ] ~ [ai] 2 klein ‘small’ [mã kã] ~ [man kan] ANN – /an/ Nasalisation [ã] ~ [an] 3 man kann ‘ one can' [meg lɪç ] ~ [ møːklɪç ] FRV1 – /ö/ Vowel Shift [e] ~ [ö] 4 möglich ‘ possible ’ [i læs ə ] ~ [ ɪç leːzə ] LEO – Long /e/ Opening [ä] ~ [e] 5 ich lese ‘I read ’ [ mɪr ma:xəd ] ~ [ vɪr ma:xən ] EDP – Plural Inflection [ed] ~ [en] Morpho-syntactic 6 wir machen ‘ we do/make ’ [ mɪr gangəd ] ~ [ vɪr ge:ən ] IRV1 – Irregular Verb ‘ gehen ’ [ gangəd ] ~ [ ge:ən ] 7 wir gehen 'we go' [ mɪr hen] ~ [ vɪr habən ] IRV3 – Irregular Verb ‘ haben ’ [hen] ~ [hab ə n] 8 wir haben 'we have' SAF1 – Diminutive Affix ‘le’ -le ~ -lein/-chen 9 bissle ~ bisschen 'little ‘ es däd beeinflusse ~ es würde beeinflussen PVB – Periphrastic Verb ‘ tun ’ däd ~ würde 10 ‘it should influence' Beaman – Language, Place and Periphery – University of Copenhagen – January 2018 Page 7

Social Factors being Investigated Fixed Effects: 1. Recording Year – 1982 and 2017 2. Community – Gmünd and Stuttgart 3. Gender – male and female 4. Swabian Orientation – continuous scale from 1 to 5 5. Individual Mobility – continuous scale from 1 to 5 Random Effects: Interviewer Name – five interviewers Speaker ID – 13 speakers, 26 interviews Beaman – Language, Place and Periphery – University of Copenhagen – January 2018 Page 8

Swabian Orientation Index (SOI) Swabian Allegiance: Swabian Cultural Competence: 1-1. Self-Declared Swabian : Are you a ‘real’ Swabian? 3-1. Swabian Knowledge: Are there different Swabian dialects? 5=definitely, 4=maybe, 3=don't know, 2=not really, 1=no 5=considerable, 4=some, 3=don’t know, 2=not much, 1=none 1-2. Non-Swabian Friends: Do you have friends who are NOT Swabian? 3-2. Swabian Specialties: Do you know how to make Spätzle? Maultaschen? 5=no, 4=a few, 3=don't know, 2=many, 1=a lot 5=of course, 4=somewhat, 3=don’t know, 2=not well, 1=not at all 1-3. Swabian Ridicule: Do they laugh at how you speak? 3-3. Swabian People & Jokes: Do you know [various well-known Swabians]? 5=always, 4=sometimes, 3=don't know, 2=not really, 1=not at all 5=of course, 4=somewhat, 3=don’t know, 2=not well, 1=not at all 1-4. Accommodation: Do you change how you speak? 3-4. Swabian Activities: Do you participate in Hocketse & local activities? 5=not at all, 4=a little, 3=don't know, 2=a lot, 1=always 5=always, 4=some, 3=don’t know, 2=not much, 1=never Swabian Language Attitudes: Swabian Language Usage: 2-1. Opinion of Swabian Language: What do you think of the Swabian language? 4-1. Parents Speak Swabian: Do your parent speak Swabian? 5=super, 4=good, 3=don’t know, 2=not good, 1=awful 5=both, 3=one, 1=neither 2-2. Job Prospects for Swabians: Is it difficult to find a job when you speak Swabian? 4-2. Swabian with Friends & Family : Do you speak Swabian with …? 5=great, 4=good, 3=no impact/don’t know, 2=maybe some, 1=very difficult 5=considerable, 4=some, 3=don’t know, 2=not much, 1=none 2-3. Swabians Speaking German: Is it odd when a Swabian speaks standard German? 4-3. Swabian with Neighbors : Do you speak Swabian with …? 5=very odd/awful, 4=funny, 3=don’t know, 2=good, 1=great 5=considerable, 4=some, 3=don’t know, 2=not much, 1=none 2-4. Non-Swabians Speaking Swabian: Is it odd when a non-Swabian speaks Swabian? 4-4. Swabian with Others : Do you speak Swabian with …? 5=very odd/awful, 4=funny, 3=don’t know, 2=good, 1=great 5=considerable, 4=some, 3=don’t know, 2=not much, 1=none e Mã, dr koi Spätzle mache kã, is koi richtige Mã. ein Mann, der kein Spätzle machen kann, ist kein richtiger Mann. a man, who can’t make Spätzle, is not a real man. Beaman – Language, Place and Periphery – University of Copenhagen – January 2018 Page 9

Positive SOI Examples Annelise-1982: e echter Schwââb isch ôifach so ôiner, der sich als Schwââb fühlt. ‘a real Schwab is simply someone who feels like a Schwab.‘ Louise-2017: i bin e Schwââb und bleib ôiner. ‘I‘m a Schwab and will stay one.’ Beaman – Language, Place and Periphery – University of Copenhagen – January 2018 Page 10

Examples of Changing SOI Ricarda-1982: die Annie zum Beispiel, derer gfällt s net, wenn i schwäbisch schwätz. es würd net zu mir passe. sie meint schweitzerisch oder österreichisch würd besser zu mir passe. des würd sich so lätschig anhöre. ‘Annie for example, doesn‘t like it when I speak Swabian. It doesn‘t go with me. She thinks Swiss German or Austrian German would go better with me. It would sound so slouchy.‘ Pepin-2017: von dem her war i mal typisch, und zum Glück nimme so arg. ‘[As a real Schwab] I was typical, and luckily not so much anymore.’ Beaman – Language, Place and Periphery – University of Copenhagen – January 2018 Page 11

Swabian Mobility Index (SMI) Geographic distance from residence to workplace, weighted by number of years in each location. Beaman – Language, Place and Periphery – University of Copenhagen – January 2018 Page 12

The Methods • Sociolinguistic Interviews ― Labovian-style, casual interview questions • Transcription/Annotation ― Native Swabian speakers ― Transcription Guidelines and Swabian Orthography ― Reviewed/Corrected by Principal Investigator • Quantitative Analyses: ― Dialect Density Measure (DDM) ― Generalized Linear Mixed Models with Random Effects (GLMER) • Qualitative Assessment: ― Quasi-Ethnographic Investigations Beaman – Language, Place and Periphery – University of Copenhagen – January 2018 Page 13

Dialect Density DIALECT • All but one speaker + show significant dialect attrition • Greater loss of morpho-syntactic variables than phonological ones • Greater diversity in Legend: across speakers in Orange – Women use of dialect Blue – Men STANDARD variants in 2017 Beaman – Language, Place and Periphery – University of Copenhagen – January 2018 Page 14