IAEA CRP PROJECT Applica'on of Wireless Technologies in Nuclear - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

IAEA CRP PROJECT Applica'on of Wireless Technologies in Nuclear Power Plant Instrumenta'on and Control Systems Evalua'on of electromagne'c fields from wireless technologies in a nuclear plant Mauro CAPPELLI (CSI), Vanni LOPRESTO (Secondary CSI), Silvio CECCUZZI ENEA Riccardo CECCHI, Stefano DI GENNARO University of L’Aquila Gaetano MARROCCO University of Rome Tor Vergata

IAEA CRP PROJECT PROJECT MOTIVATION Ø Complex geometries packed with equipment and concrete or concrete/steel barriers à effect on QoS? Ø Harsh environment à effect on physical/logical channel? Effect on I&C systems ?

IAEA CRP: PROJECT SCOPE Inves'ga'ng individual and combined effects of wireless technologies within a nuclear environment and their feasibility of implementa'on. Research Objec3ves : Ø Performing a preliminary invesFgaFon on the propagaFon of electromagneFc fields from wireless technologies within a nuclear facility by numerical modelling and simulaFon. Ø For selected scenarios, analyzing possible issues related to the propagaFon of electromagneFc fields in presence of simplified barriers mimicking the real environment of a nuclear plant. Ø Providing indicaFons on how to deploy potenFal benefits of wireless technologies in a nuclear environment, evaluaFng pros/ cons and the feasibility of implementaFon.

IAEA CRP: PROJECT OVERVIEW Ø Project develops over three years Ø Study addresses propagaFon issues of wireless signals from sensors deployed in a nuclear facility for monitoring process and environmental parameters (e.g. temperature, pressure, humidity, radiaFon,…) Ø Numerical modelling and electromagneFc simulaFon of the nuclear environment through a boQom-up approach § propagaFon in line of sight § propagaFon in presence of engineered barriers § propagaFon in realisFc environment (TRIGA plant) § propagaFon in presence of radioacFve environment

IAEA CRP: PROJECT RATIONALE The simulaFon approach Ø Pros of simulaFon approach Ø DifficulFes in performing experimental acFviFes inside a reactor Ø Feasibility studies Ø PredicFve models Ø Modular approach Ø Readiness of results Ø Availability of realisFc CAD models Ø Possibility of customized models Ø Time and costs Ø Issues of simulaFon approach Ø Need of a correct V&V on real cases Ø ComputaFonal limitaFons Ø Choice of the best simulaFon code for the problem under invesFgaFon

IAEA CRP: PROJECT RATIONALE Issues of the simulaFon approach Ø Need of a correct V&V on real cases Ø ComputaFonal limitaFons Ø Choice of the best simulaFon code for the problem under invesFgaFon

IAEA CRP: PROJECT DESCRIPTION 1 st YEAR Ø State-of-the-art review of wireless technologies and applicaFon to nuclear faciliFes and plants. Ø SelecFon of appropriate electromagneFc simulaFon tools Ø Preliminary modeling and simulaFon of wireless signals propagaFon in simplified scenarios of a nuclear environment: propagaFon in line of sight § propagaFon in presence of simplified engineered barriers §

IAEA CRP: PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2 nd YEAR Ø Modelling of a realisFc nuclear environment (case study: ENEA TRIGA plant) Ø ElectromagneFc simulaFon in presence of complex engineered barriers and/or mulFple signals from selected wireless technologies Ø Preliminary analysis of possible issues from propagaFon of wireless signals and electromagneFc interference

IAEA CRP: PROJECT DESCRIPTION 3 rd YEAR Ø Modelling and simulaFon of wireless propagaFon in presence of radioacFve environment (ionized medium) Ø Final results and criFcal analysis of proposed approach (pros/cons evaluaFon) Ø Proposal of possible soluFons and/or alternaFve approaches for future studies

IAEA CRP: PROJECT DESCRIPTION Expected Outputs Ø Feasibility assessment on the implementaFon of wireless technologies at nuclear faciliFes for selected scenarios Ø IndicaFons for deploying potenFal benefits of wireless technologies and highlighFng potenFal snags

IAEA CRP: ROADMAP…WHERE ARE WE NOW? ON GOING DONE

Phase 1 | Intro GOALS ü IdenFfy current and emerging wireless technologies for nuclear faciliFes ü Assess and evaluate alternaFve site analysis approaches for RF planning ü Evaluate alternaFve commercial soluFons for ComputaFonal ElectromagneFcs

Wireless technologies in nuclear faciliFes Wireless Sensor Applica'on Survey in Power Plants (EPRI, 2006) “Wireless technology is ideally suited for replacement of wire and cable from instrument or control device to the data acquisi3on system, Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), Distributed Control System (DCS), or network node access point . With low power, small size, and ease of circuit integraFon advantages, wireless process control signal transmission has applica3ons for installa3ons where it can reduce maintenance, and provide signaling where not previously possible or prac3cal ."

Wireless technologies in nuclear faciliFes Assessment of Wireless Technologies and Their Applica'on at Nuclear Facili'es , NUREG/CR-6882, 2006 “The locaFons of wireless transmiQers must be given adequate thought and planning. The desired coverage area needs to be defined and a site analysis developed. If possible, a propaga3on analysis should be conducted ; at a minimum, field tests should be conducted once the wireless equipment is idenFfied.” “The wireless technology thought to be best suited to be applied in nuclear faciliFes is the digital wireless data network”

Wireless technologies in nuclear faciliFes Current Wireless Deployments in NFs ü CommunicaFon infrastructure for mobile compuFng, consisFng of redundant fiber opFc backbone connecFng wireless APs deployed throughout the facility and providing voice communicaFon using VoIP and LAN connecFvity for data applicaFons ü Wireless teledosimetry systems ü Wireless barcode scanning system for warehouse materials management ü ImplementaFons of condi'on-based maintenance (CBM) without installing costly, cable-intensive sensors. ü Wireless access to informaFon via wireless LANs for retrieval of manuals, drawings, and procedures ü RFID for tracking parts into and out of inventory. “No applicaFons were found where wireless systems are being used in safety-related systems .”

Wireless standards Wireless networks InsFtute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802 family of standards: IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN (WLAN) & Mesh (Wi-Fi cerFficaFon) 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, 802.11ac IEEE 802.15 Wireless PAN 802.15.1 Bluetooth cerFficaFon 802.15.2 IEEE 802.15 and IEEE 802.11 coexistence 802.15.4 Low-Rate wireless PAN (e.g., ZigBee, WirelessHART, MiWi, etc.) Maintained by the IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards CommiQee (LMSC) The services and protocols specified in IEEE 802 map to the Data Link and Physical layers of the ISO-OSI model. IEEE 802 splits the Data Link Layer into two sub-layers named Logical Link Control (LLC) and Media Access Control (MAC)

802.11 Wireless LANs Wireless LANs are covered by the IEEE 802.11 series of standards ( 802.11a, 802.11b 802.11g, 802.11n, 802.11ac) : Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) standards. 802.11a 802.11b Band: 2.4GHz ISM band 1214 overlapping 22 MHz DSSS channels Frequency delta: 5 MHz Throughputs: 5.9 Mbps (TCP) 7.1 Mbps (UDP) EIRP power limit: 18 dBm (63 mW)

Wireless Sensor Networks Vision Wireless Low power Limited range → mulF-hop Self-organizing (Ad-hoc) Low cost Standards: 802.15 802.15.4 802.15.4e Industrial applicaFons 802.15.1 (Bluetooth) Bluetooth LE 6LoWPAN 802.15.4 implements the lowest power consump3on protocol !!

802.15.4 PHY Bands: 868 MHz: 1 channel, EU only 915 MHz ISM: 10 channels, US only 2.4 GHz ISM: 16 channels Receiver sensiFvity -85 dBm @ 2.4 GHz -92 dBm @ 868/915 MHz Typical TX power 1 mW 100 mW

AnalyFc approximaFon vs CEM How to overcome the inability to derive closed- form soluFons of Maxwell's equaFons for complex problem ?

AnalyFc approximaFon vs CEM Computa3onal electromagne3cs Analy3c Approxima3on Techniques (CEM) Far beQer accuracy Ease of manipulaFon ComputaFonally expensive Simplicity of interpretaFon Wide range of methods provides a Useful to infer approximate soluFons tradeoff between accuracy and Low accuracy speed

Problem specificaFons Ø 2.4 GHz single frequency signal Ø Indoor propagaFon Ø Electrically large environment Ø About 2 orders of magnitude larger than the wavelength Ø Different media (e.g. PEC, concrete, etc.) represenFng various structures present in the environment Ø MulFple TX antennas to be excited at the same Fme

Indoor propagaFon models vs CEM methods 1. ITU model : it esFmates the path loss inside a room or a closed area inside a building delimited by walls of any form. Suitable for appliances designed for indoor use, this model approximates the total path loss an indoor link may experience: L= 20 log(f)+Nlog(d)+P f (n)-28 This is not applicable to our 2. Log-distance path loss model : radio problem because it usually propagaFon model predicFng the refers to well-ordered path loss a signal encounters inside a indoor environment, not to building or densely populated areas over distance: a complex environment like a nuclear plant L= L 0 +10 γ log(d/d 0 )+N 0 (γ and N 0 must be experimentally à CEM approach !! characterized)

Which CEM tool? AsymptoFc high frequency techniques Full-wave techniques

FEKO: which solver? Given the electrical size of the problem, asymptoFc methods seem to be the only feasible soluFon Uniform Theory Physical OpFcs Geometrical of DiffracFon OpFcs