I SLAMIC CIVILIZATION text in green is for notes Voorhees - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

ISLAMIC

CIVILIZATION

text in green is for notes

Voorhees

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5J6IMf4B9c8

ERA III UNIT 9 WHI.9 ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION

‘M’ WORDS: M is for…

 Muhammad,  Muslim, Monotheistic,  Mecca,  Medina, Mosaics,  Minaret,  and Mosque

THE STUDENT WILL APPLY SOCIAL SCIENCE SKILLS

TO UNDERSTAND THE ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION FROM ABOUT 600 TO 1000 A.D. (C.E.) BY

 a) describing the origin, location, beliefs,

traditions, customs, and spread of Islam, with emphasis on the Sunni-Shi’a division and the Battle of Tours;

 b) assessing the influence of geography on

Islamic economic, social, and political development, including the impact of conquest and trade;

 c) explaining the cultural and scientific

contributions and achievements of Islamic civilization.

FROM BYZANTINE EMPIRE TO ISLAMIC

CIVILIZATION

 Constantine transferred capital to Byzantium 324  Byzantine Empire lasted approx. 1000 years (306 AD to

1453 AD)

 Muslims conquer Constantinople in 1453  So… who were these Muslims?  Where did they come from?

MUSLIM EXPANSION:

WHERE DID ISLAM ORIGINATE?

Islam

• riginated on

the Arabian Peninsula; Saudi Arabia

LARGEST DESERTS OF THE WORLD:

Sahara northern Africa 9,100,0 00 3,500,0 00 Gobi Mongolia/northeastern China 1,300,0 00 500,000 Patagonian Argentina 670,000 260,000 Rub' al Khali southern Arabian peninsula 650,000 250,000 Great Sandy northwestern Australia 390,500 150,000 Great Victoria southwestern Australia 390,500 150,000 Chihuahuan Mexico/southwestern United States 360,000 140,000 Takla Makan northern China 360,000 140,000 Sonoran Mexico/southwestern United States 310,000 120,000 Kalahari southwestern Africa 260,000 100,000 Kyzyl Kum Uzbekistan 260,000 100,000 Thar India/Pakistan 260,000 100,000 Simpson Australia 100,000 40,000 Mohave southwestern United States 52,000 20,000

Desert Location sq km sq mi

ARABIAN PENINSULA

The people living there were nomads called

Bedouins who lived in tribes or clans

 They developed fierce fighting skills and took

pride in their ability to defend their families

 Most of the area was desert so they moved

around and eventually settled in one of the few farming communities or a market town

ARABIA- CROSSROADS OF TRADE

 Arabia is located between Asia (to the east), Europe

(to the north), and Africa (to the west)

 Goods moving from one area to the other passed

through Arabia and allowed the Muslim Arabs to establish a wealthy empire

TRADE MAKES ISLAM WEALTHY!

WHAT RELIGION WAS PRACTICED

BEFORE ISLAM?

 Before Islam the Arabic peoples practiced a

polytheistic religion so most believed in many gods

 Some people believed in one God called Allah  Some people practiced Christianity or Judaism

ISLAM: THE BASICS

 Muhammad= prophet

who founded Islam

 Allah= the one true

God of Islam

 Islam= “submission to

the will of Allah”

 Muslim= “one who

submits to Allah”

BLUE MOSQUE- IN THE TOWN OF MAZĀR-E SHARĪF, AFGHANISTAN

MUHAMMAD THE PROPHET

prophet= contacted by God and chosen to deliver a message

MUHAMMED

 c. 570-632 C.E.

Muhammad was born

in Mecca into the Quraysh clan (one of the Arabic families that ruled Mecca)

Orphaned at a young

age Muhammad grew up on the fringes of Arab society

MUHAMMED

c. 610 C.E. –

Muhammad’s First Revelation

After becoming a

successful merchant Muhammad began focusing on the study

• f religion

He frequently

wandered the hills around Mecca meditating and according to Islamic tradition was visited by the angel Gabriel

DOME OF THE ROCK

 Islamic architecture  Rock where Mohammed ascended to heaven

MUHAMMAD

 c. 620 C.E. – “The Night Journey”  According to Islamic belief Muhammad was transported to

Jerusalem by the angel Gabriel and then ascended to heaven to confirm his role as the prophet of Allah

MUHAMMAD

 622 C.E. – Hijra (Hegira): Muhammad’s flight to

Yathrib

 Muhammad’s public message of social justice and

criticism of the wealthy merchants of Mecca force him to flee to Yathrib

 In Yathrib Muhammad establishes the first mosque

and Islamic community (“umma”); Yathrib is renamed Medina (“City of the Prophet”)

 This event begins the Islamic calendar (Year One)

MAJOR CITIES OF ISLAM MECCA AND MEDINA

Mecca is the city

where Muhammad was born and where he founded Islam

 It is the center of

Islam

Medina is the city

where Muhammad and his first followers fled to because they were forced out of Mecca

After Muhammad and

his followers gained power they went back and took over Mecca

WHAT IS THE HOLY BOOK OF

ISLAM?

The Qur’an

WHAT IS THE HOLY BOOK OF ISLAM? WHAT ARE THE MAJOR BELIEFS?

The Qur’an (Koran) is the

holy book of Islam

Islam is monotheistic Muslims believe everyone must

take personal responsibility for their actions and that there will be a final judgment and people will go either to heaven or hell based on their actions

Muslims must follow the

Five Pillars

QUR’AN/ KORAN

revealed to the prophet

Muhammad

The angel Gabriel is said to

have spoken Allah’s words into the Prophet's ear

According to Muslim

tradition, after this ecstatic experience Muhammad was able to recite exactly what he had been told

The Koran is written in

Arabic

QUR’AN/ KORAN

see primary document hand-out

THE FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM

Islamic Faith:

WHAT ARE THE FIVE PILLARS?

1.

Faith-Muslims must testify that there is only one God (Allah) and that Mohammed is the last prophet

2.

Prayer-Muslims must pray five times per day facing Mecca

3.

Alms-Muslims must support the poor through a special alms tax

4.

Fasting-Muslims must fast during the holy month of Ramadan (they only eat one meal at sundown)

5.

Pilgrimage-Muslims must travel to Mecca at least once in their lifetime if they are able

THE FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM

 1) Testament of Faith (Shahada)  “There is one God, There is no God but God

His name is Allah And His ultimate Prophet is Mohammed”

 2) Daily prayer (Salah)  must face Mecca  call to prayer  5 times a day

SALAH

3) FASTING DURING THE MONTH OF

RAMADAN (SAWM)

RAMADAN- MONTH OF FASTING/ HOLY TIME

4) ALMSGIVING (ZAKAT)

 Required of those who have

wealth beyond a certain amount to meet their basic needs

 The amount of money paid in

Zakat depends on the amount and type of wealth one possesses, but is usually considered to be a minimum of 2.5% of a person's "extra" wealth.

 The specific calculations of Zakat

are rather detailed and dependent on individual circumstances, so zakat calculators have been developed to assist with the process.

5) PERFORMING, AT LEAST ONCE IN A LIFETIME,

THE MAJOR PILGRIMAGE TO MECCA (THE HAJJ)

HOW DOES RELIGION AFFECT THE

DAILY LIVES OF MUSLIMS?

 The Five Pillars

and the Muslim law (called the shiri’a) dictate what people do:

 when to pray  how to pray  how to dress  what to eat

HOW IS ISLAM RELATED TO JUDAISM

AND CHRISTIANITY?

 All three are monotheistic  They are all religions “of the

book” because they all have holy books

 They believe in the prophet

Abraham

 They also all believe in a final

judgment and heaven and hell

 Jerusalem is a holy city to all

three

 Dome of the Rock (famous

mosque) built in Jerusalem at the site of Muhammad’s ascension

THE EARLY MUSLIM WORLD

• caliphs and caliphates
• conquering
• the split; Sunni and Shia

THE EARLY MUSLIM WORLD

A caliph is the Muslim leader. It means

‘successor’ or ‘deputy’

The “Rightly Guided Caliphs” were the first

four ELECTED caliphs who had known and supported Muhammad

 Caliph= Muslim leader

Adana, an ancient city in south central Turkey, contains the ruins of a fortress built by Abbasid Caliph Harun ar- Rashid in 782.

THE EARLY MUSLIM WORLD

 The Muslim world eventually included Arabia

(including the conquest of Jerusalem), Syria, lower Egypt (which was part of the Byzantine Empire), parts of the Persian Empire

 It covered around 6000 miles from the Atlantic

(next to Spain) to the Indus river

WHY WAS THE SPREADING OF ISLAM

SO SUCCESSFUL?

 Islam spread so

successfully because of the military which was very well-trained and also very faithful

 When they

conquered people they were examples

• f the Islamic

religion

TREATMENT OF CONQUERED PEOPLES

Muslims allowed conquered peoples

to keep their own religion but if they converted to Islam they didn’t have to pay poll taxes

Christians and Jews were able to pay to

be exempt from military service

Muslims did place various restrictions on

the personal freedoms of their conquered peoples

Expansion under The Prophet Muhammad 612-632

Expansion during the Rashidun caliphs 632-655 Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate 661-750

ISLAMIC SECTS

Sunni, Shia, and Sufi

MOHAMMED DIES- 632

 Who should be successor?  Abu Bakr- (advisor and father-in-law)

(Sunni)

 first caliph- hereditary and chosen!  Caliph Ali- (family) (Shia)  Fourth caliph  Husayn ibn Ali (Ali’s son)  Shia’s choice (grandson of Mohammed)  Massacred with others (martyr)

ISLAM; THE SPLIT; 2 BRANCHES

Shi’ite

 Shi’a (Shiites)

believed that caliphs should be related to Muhammad (hereditary)

 considers Ali, the

cousin of Muhammad, and his descendants as Muhammad's true successors

Sunni

 Sunnis the largest

branch of Islam

 believes in the

Sunna- “the way” (Muslim tradition)

 accepts the first four

caliphs as rightful successors to Muhammad (elected)

ISLAM- 2 BRANCHES

Sunni 85% Shi’ite 15%

SUFISM

 Sufi: Muslim mystics (small sect)  Islamic mysticism that began to develop in the 7th

century

 By the 9th century AD the Sufis claimed to have

methods of finding mystic knowledge of God, or Allah

 The Sufi mystic, described as a pilgrim on a journey,

follows a path of seven stages: repentance, abstinence, renunciation, poverty, patience, trust in God, and acquiescence to the will of God

 Then, with the grace of God, a higher level of

consciousness is attained, in which knowledge, the knower, and the known are realized as one

WHIRLING DERVISHES

 In the Middle

Ages the great Sufi orders, which had several million adherents, were established

 about 100 orders

still exist, many

• f them in

Turkey and Iran

 One of the most

influential founders of

• rders was the

Persian poet Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi

ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION

SHI’ITE OR SHIA ISLAM

 Karbalā’  center of pilgrimage

for Shia Muslims

 In the center of the

city is the shrine of Husayn ibn Ali

THE MARTYRDOM OF HUSSEIN IBN ALI

 Shiite martyr  (What’s a martyr?)  Slain with his

family and followers in the battle of Karbala in the year 680

 The story of

Hussein’s martyrdom is told in parts during the first days of Muharram

 Shias gather-

dressed in black

MUHARRAM

 Ten days- hundreds of thousands of Muslims converge on

Karbala and Najaf in Iraq (shrines of Hussein and his father)

 Others take to the streets- beating their chests and chanting

the tragedy

THE MARTYRDOM OF HUSSEIN 680 CE

“Oh.. Hussein. May God curse the people who killed the son of their Messenger’s daughter in such a mean way”.

KARBALĀ’

SHIA ISLAM

SHIA ISLAM

SUNNI ISLAM

 comprising up to 90% of the total Muslim

population of the world

 "people of the tradition [of Muhammad] and the

community”

 The word "Sunni" comes from the term Sunnah,

which refers to the words and actions or example

• f the Islamic prophet Muhammad

 Sunni Islam may be referred to as Orthodox

Islam

SUNNI MUSLIM

CONFLICT

• Today the

two branches are still an issue to be reckoned with…

• Example:
• Iraq is

Sunni

• Iran is

Shi’ite

DYNASTIES:

Umayadds Abbasids Fatimids Despite the fact that there were different

empires, they were still unified through their religion (Islam), their language (Arabic), trade, and the economy

Different empires Unified through Islam

UMAYYADS ESTABLISH DYNASTY

 The last “Rightly Guided caliph” was murdered  Civil war broke out among the Muslims  The Umayyads took over

 They established hereditary rule (dynasty) instead of having

elected rulers like the previous caliphs

UMAYYAD DYNASTY

Moved the capital

from Mecca to Damascus

* Mecca

UMAYYADS FALL TO ABBASIDS

 The Abbasids overthrew the Umayyads in 750

and took control of the Muslim Empire.

SPAIN UNDER THE MUSLIMS

The Berbers took

control of Spain and spread Islam into Europe for the first time

The Muslim

conquest of Europe was stopped at the Battle of Tours in France

DAMASCUS

TO

BAGHDAD

The Abbasids moved the capital from

Damascus to Baghdad

solidified their power and control of the

Persian Empire which they conquered

in order to govern their growing empire they

created a strong bureaucracy

in order to support the bureaucracy they

collected taxes

BAGHDAD, IRAQ

ABBASID DYNASTY

 Giant Friday Mosque  landmark in Iraq  Located on the Tigris River

in Sāmarrā’

 Capital and religious center

for the Abbassid rulers

 In the late 9th century the

Abbasid rulers moved to Baghdād, and Sāmarrā’ fell into decline

 The Great Friday Mosque

and the Spiral Minaret, built in the 9th century, continue to draw visitors and are an important religious center for Shia Muslims

MUSLIM EMPIRES SPREAD

The Fatimid Dynasty established power in

Egypt, western Arabia, and Syria

Despite the fact that there were different

empires, they were still unified through their religion (Islam), their language (Arabic), trade, and the economy

MUSLIM CITIES

Four important Muslim cities:  Baghdad  Damascus  Cairo  Cordoba The city of Baghdad was a magnificent

city built within the protection of three circular walls.

In the center of the city was the caliph’s

palace which was made of stone and marble and the great mosque which was used for worship

CORDOBA, SPAIN

 The Moorish history of the city of Córdoba in

Spain dates from the 8th century, when the city became a Muslim caliphate

COURT OF THE LIONS, ALHAMBRIA, SPAIN

ISLAM SOCIAL CLASSES

Upper Class Born Muslim Second Class Converts to Muslim Lower Class Non-Muslim Protected Peoples (Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians) Slaves

MUSLIM WOMEN

 were allowed to participate in public life and gain

an education

 had more rights than the women in Europe at the

same time

 were expected to be obedient to men but they still

had certain rights concerning marriage, family, and property

 were responsible for raising the family

MUSLIM SCHOLARSHIP

 Muslims supported science and learning for

practical purposes

 Physicians  Directions (Mecca/prayer)  The encouraged scholarship by encouraging

scholars to collect and translate philosophical and scientific texts into Arabic

“House of Wisdom or House of Knowledge”

MEDICAL ADVANCEMENTS

 Muhammad ibn Zakariya

al-Razi

 Muhammad ibn Zakariva ar-

Razi (Rhazes) isolated many chemical substances, produced many medications, and described many apparatus.

MEDICAL ADVANCEMENT

Al-Razi wrote the

Comprehensive Book and Treatise

• n Smallpox and

Measles

"Rhazes was the greatest physician

• f Islam and the Medieval Ages.“

– George Sarton

MUSLIM MATH AND SCIENCE ACHIEVEMENTS

Muslims used scientific

• bservation and

experimentation in order to find solutions to problems

Math such as Algebra

(al-jabr)

Optics (they were able to

create telescopes and microscopes)

They charted stars,

comets, and planets

SCIENCE; ISLAM

 Arabic numerals and concept of zero (adapted from

India)

 Al Jabr, known today as Algebra (Al Jabr)  Medicine

 Blended Eastern (Asian) and Western

(European) knowledge

 Established hospitals and medical schools

 Expansion of geographic knowledge  Improved ships  Perfected the astrolabe  Made wide use of the compass (from China)

 Made the Age of Exploration and Discovery

possible

ASTROLABE- PROBABLY USED FIRST BY

THE GREEKS

PERSIAN ASTROLABE

The astrolabe is an ancient instrument that measures the positions of heavenly bodies It was probably first used by the Greek astronomer Hipparchus in the 1st century BCE It was also popularly used by navigators until the sextant was invented in the 18th century

UNIVERSITIES; ISLAM

 Located in Cordoba, Spain and Baghdad

(House of Knowledge); much later in Timbuktu and Mali (linked by trade networks)

 Preserved Greek and Roman learning while

blending and improving on Persian and Indian discoveries

AL-AZHAR UNIVERSITY, CAIRO

MUSLIM LITERATURE AND POETRY

Ideals: Bravery Love Generosity Hospitality A very famous and popular piece of Muslim

literature is The Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights)

THOUSAND AND ONE NIGHTS (ARABIAN NIGHTS)

 Magic carpets

appear in Persian mythology, most famously in the Arabian Nights

ARABIAN NIGHTS

 collection of Middle Eastern folktales and legends

passed down for hundreds of years

 several of the tales, including those of Ali Baba,

Aladdin, and Sindbad the Sailor, have become classics of children’s literature

POETRY

The Rubiyat, by Omar Khayyam

 SEE PRIMARY SOURCE

ISLAMIC ART

Islam forbids the

depiction of life in art because the creation

• f life would amount

to idolatry and only Allah can create

The Muslims instead

created:

 calligraphy  woodwork  ceramics  textiles

ISLAMIC ART FORMS:

 Mosaics  Calligraphy  Geometric designs

ISLAMIC DESIGNS/ CERAMICS

DEPICTING

MUHAMMAD-

MUSLIM EMPIRES THAT EMERGED LATER:

 Ottoman (Turkey)  Safavid (Middle East/Iran)  Mughal (India)

ISLAM

Holy Places

• Mosque- Muslim

place of worship

• Minaret- tower-

call to prayer

HOLY SITES OF ISLAM: MECCA AND MEDINA

Mecca

 Makkah  Western Saudi Arabia  Birthplace of

Muhammad

 Pilgrimage to the Kaaba

(the Hajj)

 the Kaaba, the Muslims

believe, was built by Abraham and his son Ishmael

 2 million pilgrims/year

Medina

 Madinah al-

munawwara

 Muhammad

emigrated from Mecca to Medina in 622

 the Hegira  Medina was the seat

• f the first four

caliphs

MECCA

MECCA

Kab’ah

Black Stone

MECCA

MEDINA

ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION

review

THE HEGIRA MARKS MOHAMMED’S

FLIGHT FROM MECCA TO

 A

Damascus.

 B

Baghdad.

 C

Jerusalem.

 D

Medina.

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT ONE

OF THE PILLARS OF ISLAM?

 A

Giving charity

 B

Fasting during Ramadan

 C

Being baptized

 D

Making a pilgrimage

WHAT CITY IS IMPORTANT NOT ONLY TO MUSLIMS, BUT TO JEWS AND CHRISTIANS AS

WELL?

 A

Mecca

 B

Jerusalem

 C

Constantinople

 D

Cairo

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS TRUE

ABOUT THE KORAN?

 A

It was written by Mohammed.

 B

It has been changed over time.

 C

It was recorded by Mohammed’s followers.

 D

It includes the Old and New Testament.

WHO OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT

REGARDED AS A PROPHET BY MUSLIMS?

 A

Jesus

 B

Paul

 C

Abraham

 D

Mohammed

AN IMPORTANT CULTURAL

CONTRIBUTION OF THE MUSLIMS IS THE

 A

development of gunpowder.

 B

preservation of ancient Greek and Roman texts.

 C

establishment of trade with Australia.

 D

building of churches throughout the empire.

AS TRADE EXPANDED IN THE ISLAMIC EMPIRE, MANY PEOPLE ADOPTED THE ARABIC LANGUAGE. THIS EVENT WOULD BE

BEST CHARACTERIZED BY WHAT TERM?

 A

Acculturation

 B

Ethnocentrism

 C

Diffusion

 D

Xenophobia

WHEN MUSLIMS PRAY, THEY FACE

 A

the East.

 B

Mecca.

 C

Jerusalem.

 D

the nearest mosque.

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING REPRESENTS

THE CORRECT ORDER OF THE ISLAMIC DYNASTIES FROM THE SEVENTH TO THE THIRTEENTH CENTURIES?

 A

Umayyad, Abbasid, Seljuk

 B

Abbasid, Seljuk, Umayyad

 C

Abbasid, Shi’ite, Sunni

 D

Umayyad, Shi’ite, Abbasid

ALL OF THE FOLLOWING ARE SCIENTIFIC

ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE MUSLIMS EXCEPT

 A

invention of the compass.

 B

Al Jabr or Algebra.

 C

adaptation of Arabic numerals.

 D

medicine.

WHERE DID ISLAM BEGIN?

 A

Iberian Peninsula

 B

Africa

 C

Arabian Peninsula

 D

Europe

WHO IS THE FOUNDER OF ISLAM?

 A

Mohammed

 B

Zoroaster

 C

Gautama

 D

Abraham

WHAT FAMOUS BATTLE HALTED THE SPREAD

OF ISLAM INTO WESTERN EUROPE?

 A

Hastings

 B

Tours

 C

Salamis

 D

Agincourt

AT ITS HEIGHT, THE ISLAMIC EMPIRE

EXPANDED FROM

 A

East Asia to Europe.

 B

the Indus River Valley to the Atlantic Ocean.

 C

the Nile River Valley to the Pacific Ocean.

 D

West Africa to Scandinavia.

WHERE DID TRADERS AND MERCHANTS

SPREAD ISLAM?

 A

Northern Europe

 B

Southeast Asia

 C

Australia

 D

America

 Dome of

the Rock