[PPT] - I NTRODUCTI ON TO GI S TECHNOLOGY AND I TS APPLI CATI ONS By Dr. PowerPoint Presentation

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I NTRODUCTI ON TO GI S TECHNOLOGY AND I TS APPLI CATI ONS

By

Dr. Baqer Al-Ramadan,

City and Regional Department King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals

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Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications

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GI S

GIS: Geographic Information Systems A system of SW & HW that supports:

 capture,  management,  manipulation,  analysis, and  display of “Geographic Information”

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Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications

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Geographic I nformation

Data that specify:

 Features Location  Features Descriptive Attributes

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Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications

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Examples of Features

Oil Wells (point features) Streets/Roads (line features) Land Parcels (polygon features)

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Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications

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y

Point (example: Oil Well)

x

Line (example: Road/Street) Polygon (example: Land Parcel)

Features Location / Spatial Representation: Points, Lines, and Polygons

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point 1,6 2,5 5,4 4,1 7,10 5,9 4,7 6,6 8,6 9,8 line polygon 2,2 5 10 5 10

Features Location: Points, Lines, and Polygons

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Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications

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Points Points Retail stores Retail stores Lines Lines Streets Streets Polygons Polygons Land uses Land uses

Features Location / Spatial Representation: Points, Lines, and Polygons

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Oil Wells (point features):

 Depth  Year Drilled  Volume of Oil Production

Roads (line features):

 Name  Width  Number of Lanes

Descriptive Attributes

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Land Parcels (polygon features):

 Area  Owner Name  Owner Address & Contact Details  Permit Number

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Polygon Features

301

Line Features

201

Point Features

101

Points Lines Polygons

Features Location & Descriptive Attributes

Features Location/ Spatial Representation Descriptive Attributes One-to-One Correspondence

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Descriptive Attributes Descriptive Attributes Locational Data Locational Data

Streets

Example: Streets Network

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GIS Concept: Information Has a Locational Dimension GIS Concept: Information Has a Locational Dimension

Locations Networks Areas

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March 28, 2005 Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications

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GI S concept is not new!

London cholera epidemic 1854

Cholera death Water pump

+

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Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications

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Benefits of GI S: Examples

Linking Location and Descriptive Attributes Providing a “Unified Database” Manipulating & Analyzing Geographic Information in new ways Automating map making and updating

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Better information management Higher quality analysis Ability to carry out “what if?” scenarios

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Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications

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Before GI S: Scattered I slands of Geographic I nformation Maps Maps Descriptive Attributes Descriptive Attributes Maps Descriptive Attributes Maps Maps Descriptive Attributes

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Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications

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After GI S: A Unified I sland of Geographic I nformation A Unified GIS Database Descriptive Attributes Descriptive Attributes Descriptive Attributes Descriptive Attributes Maps Maps Maps Maps

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Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications

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Permit Issuing and Tracking Municipal Facilities Management Land Records Management Optimum Site Selection for

 schools, hospitals, commercial centers..etc.

GI S Urban Applications - Examples

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Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications

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Other Applications

Facilities management Marketing and retailing Transport/vehicle routing Health Insurance Natural Resources Management Water Wells Inventory Forestry/Wild Life Management Environmental Impact Assessment Oil Spill Tracking Geology and Oil Exploration

 and many more….

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Digital Mapping Photo- grammetry Computer Aided Design Surveying Remote Sensing Databases GIS

Cross-disciplinary Nature of GIS

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Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications

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Prof. Ian McHarg first to set the

theoretical foundation of GIS

 His well known book “Design with Nature”

(published 1969)

However, extensive commercial activity relatively recent starting late 1980’s/early 1990’s

GI S: Historical Background

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Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications

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Milestones

1965: “Canada GIS”; first nation-wide GIS 1967: “New York Land Use and Natural Resources Inventory System” 1969: “Minnesota Land Management Information System”

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Introduction to GIS Technology and its Applications

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Aerial Imagery Elevation Geodetic Control Boundaries Surface Waters Transportation Land Ownership Soils Sewer Lines Water Lines Land Cover Demographics Flood Zones

Layers Concept in GI S

Reality

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Typical Layers in a GI S Database

Base map layer includes:

 Geodetic control points  Contour lines  Permanent geographic features such as

coastlines and rivers

Land parcels layer

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Aerial Photo or satellite image as background Streets network layer Infrastructure/Utilities network layers:

 Electric,  Phone,  Water, and  Sewer

Typical Layers in a GI S Database…

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Planning layers

 Existing land use  Planned land use/zoning  Urban growth management lines  Vacant land inventory

Facility location layers - schools, health centers, etc.

Typical Layers in a GI S Database…

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Typical Layers in a GI S Database…

Boundary layers

 Municipal boundaries  Neighborhood boundaries

Event location layers:

 Location of car accidents  crime incident maps

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Typical Layers in a GI S Database…

Environmental layers

 Well sites  Contour maps  Hazardous waste sites  Flood plains/ wetlands

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GI S Components

Software & Hardware Database Users

GIS Data

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Data I nput Systems

Manual Digitizing Automated Scanning

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Manual Digitizing

Done through a digitizer Coordinates entered through a cursor Slow and costly Accurate results

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Automated Scanning

Maps scanned through a scanner Faster and lower cost Requires substantial amount of editing Lower accuracy

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Capturing data

480585.5, 3769234.6 483194.1, 3768432.3 485285.8, 3768391.2 484327.4, 3768565.9 483874.7, 3769823.0 480585.5, 3769234.6 483194.1, 3768432.3 485285.8, 3768391.2 484327.4, 3768565.9 483874.7, 3769823.0

Hardcopy maps Hardcopy maps GPS GPS

GIS Data

Coordinates Coordinates Digital data Digital data

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Data Output Peripherals

Plotters Printers

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Display

Maps Graphs Reports

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Output

Florida.mxd

Document Document Internet Internet Paper map Paper map

GIS Data

Florida.jpg

Image Image

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Average growth around 15% per year

ver the last two decades

U.S. vendors dominate world market Business customers rapidly increasing

GI S I ndustry & Market

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I NTRODUCTI ON TO GI S TECHNOLOGY AND I TS APPLI CATI ONS

GI S

GIS: Geographic Information Systems A system of SW & HW that supports:

Geographic I nformation

Data that specify:

Examples of Features

Oil Wells (point features) Streets/Roads (line features) Land Parcels (polygon features)

Point (example: Oil Well)

Line (example: Road/Street) Polygon (example: Land Parcel)

Features Location / Spatial Representation: Points, Lines, and Polygons

Features Location: Points, Lines, and Polygons

Features Location / Spatial Representation: Points, Lines, and Polygons

Oil Wells (point features):

Roads (line features):

Descriptive Attributes

Land Parcels (polygon features):

Features Location & Descriptive Attributes

Features Location/ Spatial Representation Descriptive Attributes One-to-One Correspondence

Descriptive Attributes Descriptive Attributes Locational Data Locational Data

Streets

Example: Streets Network

GIS Concept: Information Has a Locational Dimension GIS Concept: Information Has a Locational Dimension

GI S concept is not new!

London cholera epidemic 1854

+

Benefits of GI S: Examples

Linking Location and Descriptive Attributes Providing a “Unified Database” Manipulating & Analyzing Geographic Information in new ways Automating map making and updating

Better information management Higher quality analysis Ability to carry out “what if?” scenarios

Before GI S: Scattered I slands of Geographic I nformation Maps Maps Descriptive Attributes Descriptive Attributes Maps Descriptive Attributes Maps Maps Descriptive Attributes

After GI S: A Unified I sland of Geographic I nformation A Unified GIS Database Descriptive Attributes Descriptive Attributes Descriptive Attributes Descriptive Attributes Maps Maps Maps Maps

Permit Issuing and Tracking Municipal Facilities Management Land Records Management Optimum Site Selection for

GI S Urban Applications - Examples

Other Applications

Facilities management Marketing and retailing Transport/vehicle routing Health Insurance Natural Resources Management Water Wells Inventory Forestry/Wild Life Management Environmental Impact Assessment Oil Spill Tracking Geology and Oil Exploration

Cross-disciplinary Nature of GIS

theoretical foundation of GIS

(published 1969)

However, extensive commercial activity relatively recent starting late 1980’s/early 1990’s

GI S: Historical Background

Milestones

1965: “Canada GIS”; first nation-wide GIS 1967: “New York Land Use and Natural Resources Inventory System” 1969: “Minnesota Land Management Information System”

Layers Concept in GI S

Typical Layers in a GI S Database

Base map layer includes:

coastlines and rivers

Land parcels layer

Aerial Photo or satellite image as background Streets network layer Infrastructure/Utilities network layers:

Typical Layers in a GI S Database…

Planning layers

Facility location layers - schools, health centers, etc.

Typical Layers in a GI S Database…

Typical Layers in a GI S Database…

Boundary layers

Event location layers:

Typical Layers in a GI S Database…

Environmental layers

GI S Components

Software & Hardware Database Users

GIS Data

Data I nput Systems

Manual Digitizing Automated Scanning

Manual Digitizing

Done through a digitizer Coordinates entered through a cursor Slow and costly Accurate results

Automated Scanning

Maps scanned through a scanner Faster and lower cost Requires substantial amount of editing Lower accuracy

Capturing data

Hardcopy maps Hardcopy maps GPS GPS

Coordinates Coordinates Digital data Digital data

Data Output Peripherals

Plotters Printers

Display

Maps Graphs Reports

Output

Document Document Internet Internet Paper map Paper map

GIS Data

Image Image

Average growth around 15% per year

U.S. vendors dominate world market Business customers rapidly increasing

GI S I ndustry & Market

Commercial GI S Packages