Overview Human Capabilities Perception Processing Action Jörg Cassens Memory Institut für Mathematik und Angewandte Informatik Medieninformatik WS 2019/2020 WS 2019/2020 Jörg Cassens – Human Capabilities 1 / 41
Pingo Overview Perception Processing Action Memory ☞ pingo.coactum.de/667234 WS 2019/2020 Jörg Cassens – Human Capabilities 2 / 41
Overview Perception Processing Action Memory Overview WS 2019/2020 Jörg Cassens – Human Capabilities 3 / 41
Topics Overview Perception Processing Human Information Processing Action Memory Perception Motor control Processing Memory WS 2019/2020 Jörg Cassens – Human Capabilities 4 / 41
Model Human Processor (MHP) Overview Perception Processing Action Memory Card, Newell & Moran (1983) WS 2019/2020 Jörg Cassens – Human Capabilities 5 / 41
Human Information Processing (HIP) Overview Perception Processing Action Memory Robert Miller (2004) WS 2019/2020 Jörg Cassens – Human Capabilities 6 / 41
Topology Overview Perception Processing Action Memory G. Mietzel http://www.supplement.de/supplement/gedaech/gedh.htm WS 2019/2020 Jörg Cassens – Human Capabilities 7 / 41
Processors Processors have a cycle time Overview T p ~ 100ms [50-200 ms] Perception T c ~ 70ms [30-100 ms] Processing T m ~ 70ms [25-170 ms] Action Memory Fastman may be 10x faster than Slowman; Middleman is typical (named by Card, Newell, Moran) Variations not only between individuals, but also depending on conditions: slow reading in the dark, fast processing when playing WoW WS 2019/2020 Jörg Cassens – Human Capabilities 8 / 41
Memory Overview Perception Processing Action Memory Encoding : type of things stored Size : number of things stored Decay time: how long memory lasts WS 2019/2020 Jörg Cassens – Human Capabilities 9 / 41
Overview Perception Processing Action Memory Perception WS 2019/2020 Jörg Cassens – Human Capabilities 10 / 41
Short-Term Sensory Store Visual information store Overview Perception encoded as physical image Processing (curves, edges, length – not as pixels) size ~ 17 [7-17] letters (convenient signals, not signs) Action decay ~ 200 ms [70-1000 ms] Memory Auditory information store encoded as physical sound size ~ 5 [4.4-6.2] letters decay ~ 1500 ms [900-3500 ms] Both are preattentional: they do not need the spotlight of attention to focus on them in order to be collected and stored Attention can be focused on the visual or auditory stimulus afer the fact: “What did you say? Oh yeah.” WS 2019/2020 Jörg Cassens – Human Capabilities 11 / 41
Perceptual Fusion Overview Two stimuli within the same PP cycle (T p ~ 100ms) appear fused Perception Processing Every cycle, the perceptual processor grabs a frame Events occurring within a cycle are likely to end up in one frame Action Memory Similar events are perceived as one event with additional properties (a moving person) Consequences 1/T p frames/sec is enough to perceive a moving picture (10 fps OK, 20 fps “smooth”) Computer response < T p feels instantaneous Causality is strongly influenced by fusion – a letter occurring on screen afer a key is pressed seemed to be linked by causality when within the same cycle WS 2019/2020 Jörg Cassens – Human Capabilities 12 / 41
Bottom-up vs. Top-Down Perception Overview Bottom-up uses features of stimulus Perception Identifying features Processing Top-down uses context of perception Action temporal in auditory perception Memory spatial in visual perception draws on long-term memory H and A are represented by the same shape, but can be distinguished because of their context WS 2019/2020 Jörg Cassens – Human Capabilities 13 / 41
Chunking Overview “Chunk”: the unit of perception or memory Perception Chunking depends on presentation and what you already know Processing defined symbols or activated past experience Action Memory M W S A P A O L I B M F B I B WS 2019/2020 Jörg Cassens – Human Capabilities 14 / 41
Chunking Overview “Chunk”: the unit of perception or memory Perception Chunking depends on presentation and what you already know Processing defined symbols or activated past experience Action Memory M W S A P A O L I B M F B I B (15 chunks) WS 2019/2020 Jörg Cassens – Human Capabilities 14 / 41
Chunking Overview “Chunk”: the unit of perception or memory Perception Chunking depends on presentation and what you already know Processing defined symbols or activated past experience Action Memory M W S A P A O L I B M F B I B (15 chunks) MWS APA OLI BMF BIB WS 2019/2020 Jörg Cassens – Human Capabilities 14 / 41
Chunking Overview “Chunk”: the unit of perception or memory Perception Chunking depends on presentation and what you already know Processing defined symbols or activated past experience Action Memory M W S A P A O L I B M F B I B (15 chunks) MWS APA OLI BMF BIB (still 15 chunks to most people) WS 2019/2020 Jörg Cassens – Human Capabilities 14 / 41
Chunking Overview “Chunk”: the unit of perception or memory Perception Chunking depends on presentation and what you already know Processing defined symbols or activated past experience Action Memory M W S A P A O L I B M F B I B (15 chunks) MWS APA OLI BMF BIB (still 15 chunks to most people) BMW SAP AOL IBM FBI WS 2019/2020 Jörg Cassens – Human Capabilities 14 / 41
Chunking Overview “Chunk”: the unit of perception or memory Perception Chunking depends on presentation and what you already know Processing defined symbols or activated past experience Action Memory M W S A P A O L I B M F B I B (15 chunks) MWS APA OLI BMF BIB (still 15 chunks to most people) BMW SAP AOL IBM FBI (5 chunks to most) WS 2019/2020 Jörg Cassens – Human Capabilities 14 / 41
Chess: Experts vs. Novices Chess masters are better than novices at remembering real game configurations, Overview same performance on random boards Perception Processing Action Memory Reproduction task by Chase und Simon (1973) (in Anderson 2001, S.301). WS 2019/2020 Jörg Cassens – Human Capabilities 15 / 41
Attention and Perception Overview Perception Spotlight metaphor: Processing You can focus your attention (and your perceptual processor) on only one input Action channel in your environment at a time Memory Spotlight moves serially from one input channel to another a location in your visual field a location or voice in your auditory field Visual dominance: easier to attend to visual channels than auditory channels All stimuli within spotlighted channel are processed in parallel Whether you want to or not Problem: Interference WS 2019/2020 Jörg Cassens – Human Capabilities 16 / 41
Interference I Overview Perception Say the colors of the words and time yourself (English lef, German right) Processing Action Memory WS 2019/2020 Jörg Cassens – Human Capabilities 17 / 41
Interference I Overview Perception Say the colors of the words and time yourself (English lef, German right) Processing Action Book Hut Memory Pencil Rutsche Hat Fenster Auto Slide Window Buch Stif Car WS 2019/2020 Jörg Cassens – Human Capabilities 17 / 41
Interference II Overview Perception Say the colors of the words and time yourself (English lef, German right) Processing Action Memory WS 2019/2020 Jörg Cassens – Human Capabilities 18 / 41
Interference II Overview Perception Say the colors of the words and time yourself (English lef, German right) Processing Action Blue Lila Memory Brown Rot Violet Grün Red Orange Green Blau Orange Braun WS 2019/2020 Jörg Cassens – Human Capabilities 18 / 41
Overview Perception Processing Action Memory Processing WS 2019/2020 Jörg Cassens – Human Capabilities 19 / 41
Cognitive Processing Overview Perception Processing Cognitive processor Action compares stimuli Memory selects a response Types of decision making Skill-based Rule-based Knowledge-based WS 2019/2020 Jörg Cassens – Human Capabilities 20 / 41
Rasmussen I Overview Perception Processing Action Memory Jens Rasmussen (1983). WS 2019/2020 Jörg Cassens – Human Capabilities 21 / 41
Rasmussen II Overview Skill-Based Behaviour Perception Automatic reaction to sensory input Processing Breaking lights – breaking Action Rule-Based Behaviour Memory Based on sensory input, rules are fired Happens when there is no automatic respons Choice of rule based on signs recognized Regulating speed and direction when exiting a freeway Knowledge-Based Behaviour Conscious problem solving Happens when there are no rules Triggered by interpreted symbols Stuttering motor – continue or stop? WS 2019/2020 Jörg Cassens – Human Capabilities 22 / 41
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