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Solar Sail Space Weather Capabilities Solar Sail Space Weather - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

May 27, 2023 236 likes •484 views

A premier aerospace and defense company Solar Sail Space Weather Capabilities Solar Sail Space Weather Capabilities Dr. Bruce Campbell Dr. Bruce Campbell ATK Space Systems Division 1 Introduction A premier aerospace and defense company

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A premier aerospace and defense company

Solar Sail Space Weather Capabilities

  • Dr. Bruce Campbell

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Solar Sail Space Weather Capabilities

  • Dr. Bruce Campbell

ATK Space Systems Division

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A premier aerospace and defense company

Introduction

Solar sails offer unique capabilities to perform heliophysics missions in space

  • Discussion Topics:

– How solar sails “work”

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– How solar sails “work” – Some possible solar sail missions – An example space weather solar sail mission (GeoStorm)

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Solar Radiation Pressure

Solar Photon Pressure (R=0.9)

10.0 100.0 1000.0 (N/km^2)

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0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 Destance to Sun (Au) 0.1 1.0 10.0 Pressure (N W = LS 4Pr2 P = 2W c WE = 1368 W/m2 PE = 9.15 x 10-6 N/m2 Energy Pressure

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Solar Sail Force = Acceleration

fi

  • ftot
  • fr
  • n
  • Photons carry Momentum

– r = hn/c

  • h = Planck’s, n = frequency, c = speed
  • f light
  • Force generated on Reflective

Surface

a

4

a

sail Incoming radiation Reflected radiation

fr

r n

n

Surface

– Resultant force approximately perpendicular to surface

  • The bigger the surface, the more the force

– Can “steer” sail by changing pitch angle a

  • Small, but potentially Constant

Acceleration

– Potentially unlimited “delta V” – Allows some otherwise impossible orbits

PI

Area

A

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Solar Sail Performance

  • For a 100 kg sailcraft, 100 m x 100 m square sail:
  • Force (maximum, perp. to sun, perfect/flat reflector)

– 0.09 N

  • Acceleration (maximum)

– 0.92 x 10-3 m/s2 (0.9 millimeters/sec2)

a q

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  • Force decreases with increasing pitch angle (a
  • r q i)

ftot = 2P

IA cosq i

( )

2 ˆ

n

Solar Sail Total Force (Thrust) Vs. Sun-Incidence Angle (For a 100 x 100 meter perfect sail @ 1 A.U.)

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Solar Sail Performance

  • Force on a 100 m x 100 m square sail:

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Solar Sail Orbital Maneuvers

  • Increase or Decrease orbital energy

– Spiral in/out from the Sun

  • Force out of orbital plane can change inclination

– “Crank” up and over the sun

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Solar Sail GN&C

  • Sail Attitude Control Concepts

– Center of Pressure vs Center of Mass (CP/CM ) – Control Vanes – Other:

  • Sail Articulation/Manipulation
  • Variable Reflectivity

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  • Variable Reflectivity
  • Micro-thrusters
  • Sail Navigation

– Attitude control is Trajectory control!

  • Entire sail moved to achieve required

force vector

– Effects on other systems:

  • Attitude determination systems
  • Navigation & communications systems
  • Science instruments
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Solar Sail Orbits

  • Keplerian

– Plane changes (out of ecliptic) – Low thrust transit

  • Spiral in/out
  • Flyby

– Fast Hyperbolic Transfer

  • Solar Photonic Assist
  • Non-Keplerian

– Artificial LaGrange Points (Geostorm) – Pole-Sitters (PASO) – Displaced Conic Orbits – Node Precession (slot walking) – Libration point highway (JPL)

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  • Solar Photonic Assist
  • H – reversal

– Libration point highway (JPL) – Other?

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Heliophysics Solar Sail Missions

Solar Polar Imager L-1 Diamond

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10 Solar Polar Imager Particle Accel. Solar Orbiter L-1 Diamond Interstellar Probe Geostorm

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Geostorm: Solar Storm Warning Mission

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Not to scale

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Use a solar sail to achieve a non-Keplerian orbit near the sun-earth line, twice as far from the earth as the current warning system, NOAA’s Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) at the L1 point Geostorm will double the warning time to enable the reconfiguration and securing of space systems (and ground electrical power grids) to avoid:

  • Complete or partial loss of HF & satellite communications
  • Degraded navigational and geo-locational capability

The Geostorm Mission

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  • Degraded navigational and geo-locational capability
  • False returns on ATC and early warning radars
  • Satellite system disruption and lock problems

Geostorm, being propellantless, could result in a significantly longer mission lifetime

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Trajectory Plot

From GTO to L1 to Sub-L1 at 0.98 AU and Position Keeping (a0=0.306 mm/s2)

  • 2e+6

5e+6 4e+6 3e+6 2e+6 1e+6 0e+0

  • 1e+6

X (km)

  • 1e+6

0e+0 1e+6 2e+6

Y (km)

10/11/2008 GTO Perigee @100 n.m. ²V = 739 m/s 11/09/2008 ²V1 = 9.8 m/s Halo Orbit (L1 ) insertion 1/25/2009 ²V1 = 5.7 m/s Halo orbit Depart Halo 3/26/2009 Arrive Sub-L1 10/18/2009 FT=206 d Orbit about Sub-L1 158 d loop. To maintain a loop, thrust cone oscillate between 0- 10 degrees Run-away orbit if exactly sun-pointed. to Sun Earth

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From GTO to L1 to Sub-L1 at 0.98 AU and Position Keeping (a0=0.306 mm/s2)

  • 2e+6

5e+6 4e+6 3e+6 2e+6 1e+6 0e+0

  • 1e+6

X (km)

  • 1e+6

0e+0 1e+6 2e+6

Y (km)

10/11/2008 GTO Perigee @100 n.m. ²V = 739 m/s 11/09/2008 ²V1 = 9.8 m/s Halo Orbit (L1 ) insertion 1/25/2009 ²V1 = 5.7 m/s Halo orbit Depart Halo 3/26/2009 Arrive Sub-L1 10/18/2009 FT=206 d Orbit about Sub-L1 158 d loop. To maintain a loop, thrust cone oscillate between 0- 10 degrees Run-away orbit if exactly sun-pointed. to Sun Earth

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SPACECRAFT BUS

SAILCRAFT BUS (TOP VIEW) SAIL

“Sailcraft” Concept

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SPACECRAFT BUS

SAILCRAFT BUS (TOP VIEW) SAIL 70 m

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Sailcraft Sizes

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Prior Solar Sail Studies

  • NASA:

– Halley’s Comet1 (1977), Columbus 5002* (1989), ST-51 (1999), ST-71* (2001)

  • NOAA/USAF:

– Geostorm1 (1996)

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– Geostorm (1996)

  • ESA/DLR:

– ODISEE1 (1998)

1 : JPL 2 : APL * : GSFC involvement

Halley Sail Mission

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Past Activities

IAE/NASA Cosmos 1

NGST Sunshade

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Znamya/Russia Encounter

MSFC ISP SSP DLR/Germany

AFRL/NOAA

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NASA In-Space Propulsion Development

  • Raise the Technology Level (TRL) of Solar Sail Technologies
  • Approx. $35 M invested

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CP1 Tensioned Sail (NASA/ATK) Mylar Draped Sail (NASA/L’Garde)

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JAXA IKAROS

  • Japanese Solar Sail Technology Experiment
  • Launched on way to Venus

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NASA/OCT-STMD/L’Garde Sunjammer

  • Technology Demonstration (2014 launch?)

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35 ft.

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NASA New Technology

In-Space Propulsion Technology Roadmap

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NASA New Technology

Solar Sail Roadmap

GeoStorm IKAROS <1000 m2 Orbit Demo <2500 m2 Orbit Demo L1 Diamond

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Conclusion

  • Solar Sail technology is ready to show its applicability for

use in space flight missions

  • Solar Sails offer a unique capability to enhance and

enable new solar weather monitoring methods that would benefit science and mankind.

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