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How well do Asian protected areas cover biodiversity? By Cristi Marie C. Nozawa, Regional Director (Asia) BirdLife International Based on presentation by Dr. Stuart Butchart Head of Science, BirdLife International to the Asia Parks Congress

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Based on presentation by Dr. Stuart Butchart Head of Science, BirdLife International to the Asia Parks Congress

How well do Asian protected areas cover biodiversity?

By Cristi Marie C. Nozawa, Regional Director (Asia) BirdLife International

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Aichi Target 11 By 2020, at least 17 per cent of terrestrial and inland water areas, and 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, are conserved through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative and well connected systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures, and integrated into the wider landscapes and seascapes. Here we focus on:

  • Numeric thresholds for % terrestrial & marine
  • Sites of biodiversity importance
  • Ecological representativeness

Data sources: World Database on Protected Areas (Jan 2013), IUCN Red List (species maps), BirdLife International (Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas), Alliance for Zero Extinction (AZE sites), WWF (terrestrial ecoregions), Marine Ecoregions of the World How well do Asian protected areas cover biodiversity?

  • Dr. Stuart Butchart, BirdLife International
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Area coverage Across Asia, protected areas cover 11.6% terrestrial area Only 8 countries or territories have >17% terrestrial area covered

10 20 30 40 50 Brunei Darussalam Hong Kong (China) Bhutan Cambodia Sri Lanka Thailand Malaysia Nepal China Lao PDR Japan Indonesia Mongolia Taiwan (China) Russian Federation Philippines Pakistan Timor Leste Myanmar Kyrgyzstan Viet Nam Korea, Republic of Singapore India Tajikistan Bangladesh Uzbekistan Kazakhstan Turkmenistan Korea, Democratic People's … Afghanistan Macao (China) Maldives % land area protected

17%

How well do Asian protected areas cover biodiversity?

  • Dr. Stuart Butchart, BirdLife International
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Area coverage How well do Asian protected areas cover biodiversity?

  • Dr. Stuart Butchart, BirdLife International

Across Asia, protected areas cover 1.9% territorial marine area No countries or territories have >10% marine area covered

2 4 6 8 10 Indonesia Russian Federation Thailand Brunei Darussalam Bangladesh Singapore Philippines Korea, Republic of Pakistan Timor Leste Malaysia China Taiwan (China) Japan Viet Nam Cambodia India Sri Lanka Myanmar Korea, Democratic People's Republic

  • f

Maldives % marine area protected

10%

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Coverage of sites

  • Target 11 refers to “areas of particular importance for biodiversity”
  • There are many global prioritization schemes for broad regions of

biodiversity importance e.g. Hotspots, Ecoregions, Wilderness Areas etc

  • But only two systematically identified networks of such sites have been

identified globally:

  • Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs)
  • Alliance for Zero Extinction sites
  • Both fall under the umbrella of Key Biodiversity Areas

How well do Asian protected areas cover biodiversity?

  • Dr. Stuart Butchart, BirdLife International
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Coverage of sites

  • 1. Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs)

www.birdlife.org/datazone

  • Identified nationally through multi-stakeholder processes, coordinated by

BirdLife International and its Partners

  • Globally standardized criteria with quantitative thresholds based on

populations of:

  • Globally threatened species
  • Restricted-range species
  • Biome-restricted species
  • Congregatory species
  • Identified for birds, but documented to be v important for other taxa
  • Over 12,000 terrestrial and marine sites identified
  • All are actual or potential management units, i.e. candidates for

protected areas How well do Asian protected areas cover biodiversity?

  • Dr. Stuart Butchart, BirdLife International
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Coverage of sites Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs) How well do Asian protected areas cover biodiversity?

  • Dr. Stuart Butchart, BirdLife International
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Coverage of sites How well do Asian protected areas cover biodiversity?

  • Dr. Stuart Butchart, BirdLife International

Data available for 4954 IBAs in Asia

Complete 43% Partial 20% None 37%

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Coverage of sites How well do Asian protected areas cover biodiversity?

  • Dr. Stuart Butchart, BirdLife International

No countries or territories have protected all their IBAs Only 7 have fully protected at least half of their IBAs

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Singapore (3) China (410) Thailand (60) Timor Leste (16) Pakistan (31) India (440) Sri Lanka (43) Lao PDR (26) Tajikistan (18) Nepal (27) Bangladesh (19) Japan (166) Grand Total (2477) Indonesia (198) Russian Federation (237) Philippines (105) Viet Nam (58) Malaysia (55) Mongolia (68) Bhutan (23) Myanmar (51) Korea, Republic of (33) Afghanistan (16) Korea, Democratic People's … Uzbekistan (51) Taiwan, Province of China (53) Kazakhstan (120) Brunei Darussalam (6) Kyrgyzstan (11) Turkmenistan (50) Cambodia (40) Hong Kong (2) Macao (1) None Partial Complete

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Coverage of sites

  • 2. Alliance for Zero Extinction sites

www.zeroextinction.org

  • Sites holding the last remaining population of at least one Critically

Endangered or Endangered species

  • Identified for mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, conifers & corals
  • 587 sites for 920 species globally
  • Sites are actual or potential management units, i.e. candidates for

protected areas How well do Asian protected areas cover biodiversity?

  • Dr. Stuart Butchart, BirdLife International
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Coverage of sites

  • 2. Alliance for Zero Extinction sites

www.zeroextinction.org How well do Asian protected areas cover biodiversity?

  • Dr. Stuart Butchart, BirdLife International
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Coverage of sites How well do Asian protected areas cover biodiversity?

  • Dr. Stuart Butchart, BirdLife International

Data available for 99 AZEs in Asia

Complete 30% Partial 34% None 36%

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Coverage of sites How well do Asian protected areas cover biodiversity?

  • Dr. Stuart Butchart, BirdLife International

Only 1 country has protected all their AZEs 8/9 have fully or partially protected at least half of their AZEs Loss of any of these sites will result in a global extinction

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Malaysia (2) China (23) Japan (6) Indonesia (31) India (17) Sri Lanka (6) Vietnam (4) Myanmar (3) Philippines (5) Afghanistan (1) None Partial Complete

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Coverage of species

  • Species are the building blocks of ecosystems and have great public

resonance

  • Governments have committed to preventing extinction of known

threatened species under Aichi Target 12

  • Protected areas play an important role in species conservation,

particularly for those with smaller ranges

  • Spatial data on species distributions are available from the IUCN Red List

for all species worldwide in 9 species groups:

  • Mammals, birds, amphibians
  • Cartilaginous fishes, marine bony fishes (selected groups)
  • Decapods (crabs, lobsters, crayfish)
  • Corals
  • Mangroves, seagrasses

How well do Asian protected areas cover biodiversity?

  • Dr. Stuart Butchart, BirdLife International
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Coverage of species How well do Asian protected areas cover biodiversity?

  • Dr. Stuart Butchart, BirdLife International

On average, 16% of each Asian species’ range is covered by protected areas

5 10 15 20 25 Amphibians (1356) Mammals (1778) Decapods (244) Birds (3171) Corals (662) Mangroves (54) Marine bony fishes (509) Cartilaginous fishes (355) Seagrasses (29) Mean % range covered

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Coverage of species

  • But protected areas are not the most appropriate tool for conservation of

species with very large ranges

  • Such species need policy measures at a landscape or seascape scale
  • Therefore set species-specific targets for proportion of range required to be

protected:

  • 100% for species with distributions <1,000 km2
  • 10% for species with distributions >250,000 km2
  • Linearly interpolated on a log-linear scale between these two thresholds
  • Set a cap so that no species has a target >1 million km2

How well do Asian protected areas cover biodiversity?

  • Dr. Stuart Butchart, BirdLife International
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Coverage of species How well do Asian protected areas cover biodiversity?

  • Dr. Stuart Butchart, BirdLife International

Only 42% of Asian species meet their target for protected area coverage

20 40 60 80 100 Mammals (1778) Birds (3171) Mangroves (54) Cartilaginous fishes (355) Amphibians (1356) Decapods (244) Seagrasses (29) Marine bony fishes (509) Corals (662) % species meeting target

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Coverage of ecoregionss

  • Target 11 calls for protected areas to be ecologically representative
  • We examined protected area coverage of ecoregions

How well do Asian protected areas cover biodiversity?

  • Dr. Stuart Butchart, BirdLife International
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Coverage of ecoregions How well do Asian protected areas cover biodiversity?

  • Dr. Stuart Butchart, BirdLife International

For 238 Asian terrestrial ecoregions, 15% of their area is protected on average. Only 31% of ecoregions meet the target of 17% coverage by protected areas

20 40 60 80 100 % area covered by protected areas Terrestrial ecoregion

17% target

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Coverage of ecoregions How well do Asian protected areas cover biodiversity?

  • Dr. Stuart Butchart, BirdLife International

For 42 Asian marine ecoregions, 5% of their area is protected on average. Only 17% of ecoregions meet the target of 10% coverage by protected areas

5 10 15 20 25 30 % area covered by protected areas Marine ecoregion

10% target

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Summary Area – only 24% of countries have met the terrestrial area target & none have met the marine area target Sites – no countries have fully protected all their IBAs & only 21% have done so for half their IBAs – protection of AZEs is higher, but two-thirds have no/partial protection Species – across 9 taxonomic groups of vertebrates, invertebrates and plants,

  • nly 42% of species have sufficient protection

– protection is higher for terrestrial than marine species Ecoregions – only 31% of terrestrial and 17% of marine ecoregions have met target levels of protection How well do Asian protected areas cover biodiversity?

  • Dr. Stuart Butchart, BirdLife International
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Acknowledgements For further information contact stuart.butchart@birdlife.org How well do Asian protected areas cover biodiversity?

  • Dr. Stuart Butchart, BirdLife International

Collaborating organisations: Funded by the Cambridge Conservation Initiative Collaborative Fund for Conservation and Arcadia

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Loss of Migratory birds

  • Fastest declining migratory shorebirds are long-distance,

Arctic-breeding migrants

  • 89% of Arctic-breeding shorebirds in NE Russia show

declines

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Intertidal loss in the EAAF

  • Rate of intertidal habitat loss in are equal

to or greater than recorded losses of mangroves, tropical forest, and seagrasses

  • Coastal wetland losses over last 50 yrs:

– China 51% – Japan 40% – RoK 60% – Singapore 70% – DPRK ~10% – Indonesia 5-10% – Philippines <10% – Thailand >15% – Vietnam 10-20% – Malaysia <10%

(MacKinnon et al 2012)

GAP: conservation and restoration of inter-tidal areas

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Thank You from the BirdLife Asia Partnership

Thank You! Arigaato Shukriya Xie! Xie! Istuti Ua tsang Terima kasih Dhanyabaad Barkal Salamat