Innovation Comparison in Asia Ashish Rana (NIES, Japan) P.R. Shukla - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Innovation Comparison in Asia Ashish Rana (NIES, Japan) P.R. Shukla (IIM, Ahmedabad, India) Kejun Jiang (ERI, China) R.M. Shrestha (AIT, Bangkok, Thailand) The 8 th AIM International Workshop 13-15 March 2003 Innovation Indicators
Innovation Indicators Environmental Efficiency Indicators Environmental Efficiency Indicators Environmental Production Indicators Environmental Production Indicators Environmental Consumption Indicators Environmental Consumption Indicators Environmental Governance Indicators Environmental Governance Indicators Sector-wise Indicators
Innovation Indicators Electricity sector Electricity sector
CO2 Emission Factor of Electricity Distribution Loss of Electricity Share of Electricity Generation Thermal Efficiency of fuel power plant
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 Emission Factor (kgCO2/ kWh) China I ndia I ndonesia Japan Korea Philippines Thailand Vietnam 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% Distribution Loss China I ndia I ndonesia Japan Korea Philippines Thailand Vietnam 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Share of Electricity Generation China I ndia I ndonesia Japan Korea Philippines Thailand Vietnam Others Hydro Nuclear Coal,Oil,Gas 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% Thermal Efficiency of fuel power plant China I ndia I ndonesia Japan Korea Philippines Thailand Vietnam
Source: IEA Energy Balance
(1999) (1999) (1999) (1999)
Innovation Indicators Industrial sector Industrial sector
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Energy intensity in Steel sector (toe/ ton) China Japan Korea 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 Energy intensity in Cement sector (toe/ton) Japan Korea Philippines Thailand 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 Energy intensity of Pulp & Paper sector (toe/ton) China Japan Philippines Thailand
Energy consumption per Value added of manufacturing etc.
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Energy consumption per Value added of manufacuturing etc. (goe/US$) Brunei Cambodia China India Indonesia Japan Korea Lao Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam
Energy intensity in steel sector (1994) Energy intensity in cement sector (1995) Energy intensity in pulp and paper sector (1993)
Source: IEA、 World Bank Source: APERC
Innovation Indicators Residential sector Residential sector
Energy consumption per capita – Household final consumption per capita
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 Household final consumption expenditure (constant 1995 US$) per capita ('80-'90-'98) Energy consumption per capita (goe, '80-'90-'98) China India Indonesia Japan Korea Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand
Source: IEA, World Bank
Energy consumption per capita in residential sector
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Energy consumption per capita in Residential Sector (goe, 2000) China I ndia I ndonesia Japan Korea Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Commercial Biomass Electricity Coal, Oil, Gas etc
Source: IEA, World Bank
Innovation Indicators Transportation sector Transportation sector
10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 100,000 Energy consumption in Transportation sector (kTOE, 2000) Brunei China India I ndonesia Japan Korea Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Others Rail Internal Navigation Road
Energy Consumption in Transportation Sector Vehicle per 1000 persons Vehicle per 1000 persons – Household final consumption per capita Energy consumption per vehicle
100 200 300 400 500 600 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 Household final consumption expenditure (constant 1995 US$) per capita (1990-1996) Vehicles per 1,000 persons (1990-1996) China India Indonesia Japan Korea Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 Energy consumption per vehicle (TOE, 1998) Brunei China India Indonesia Japan Korea Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand 0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0 Vehicles per 1,000 persons (1998) Brunei China India Indonesia Japan Korea Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand
Source: IEA Source: IRF Source: IRF, World Bank Source: IEA, IRF
Innovation Indicators Industrial sector Industrial sector
Water pollutant per capita – GDP per capita
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 50,000 GDP per capita (constant 1995 US$, '80-'90-'97) BOD Emission per capita(kg/day, '80-'90-'97) China India Indonesia Japan Korea Malaysia Philippines Singapore
Source: World Bank
Innovation Indicators Agriculture sector Agriculture sector
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Fertilizer consumption per agricultural area (t/km2) Brunei Cambodia China India Indonesia Japan Korea Lao Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Thailand Viet Nam
Agricultural production per agricultural area (1999)
2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 Agricultural production per agricultural area (10^ 3kcal/km2) Brunei Cambodia China India Indonesia Japan Korea Lao Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Thailand Viet Nam
Fertilizer consumption per agricultural area (1999)
Source: FAO Source: FAO
Innovation Indicators Environmental Market Environmental Market
0.0% 0.2% 0.4% 0.6% 0.8% 1.0% 1.2% 1.4% 1.6% Environmental Market per GDP (1997) China Mainland India I ndonesia Korea, Rep Malaysia Philipinnes Singapore Thailand Veitnam Japan 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 Environmental Market (million US$, 1997) China Mainland India I ndonesia Korea, Rep Malaysia Philipinnes Singapore Thailand Veitnam Others Waste Air Water
* Water:Water Equipment & Chemicals, Water Treatment Works, Water Utilities Air : Pollution Control Waste : Waste Management Equipment, Solid Waste Management, Haz Waste Management, Resource Recovery Others : Instruments & Monitoring Systems, Processes & Prevention Technology, Consulting & Engineering, Remendation, Analystical Service Source : EBI "Asia Country Briefings"
1990, World CO2 Emissions 5827 MtC
India 153 MtC 3% China 617 MtC 11%
2000, World CO2 Emissions 6393 MtC
China 817 MtC 13% India 255 MtC 4% Source: EIA Source: IEA
Rank# 5 Rank# 5 Rank# 2 Rank# 2
1990, World CH4 Emissions 1554 MMTCE
China 210 14% India 104 7%
1995, World N2O Emissions 904 MMTCE
China 46 5% India 90 10%
Source: EMF21
India, 1995 CO2 63% CH4 31% N2O 6% China, 1990 CO2 75% CH4 23% N2O 2%
Source: Garg and Shukla, 2002
Total GHG Emissions = 1235 MT CO2 Equiv. Total GHG Emissions = 2362 MT CO2-Equiv.
Source: ALGAS
China, 1990 CO2 68% CH4 26% N2O 6%
Range - Total GHG Emissions = 2624 MT CO2-Equiv.
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 MtC India China
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 India China
Index 1990 = 1
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 India China
Index 1990 = 1
Paper and Pulp 0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1 1.02 2000 2010 2020 2030 India China
Steel 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 2000 2010 2020 2030 India China Cement 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05 2000 2010 2020 2030 India China
Index 2000 = 1
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2000 2005 2010 2020 2025 2030 MtC India Baseline China Baseline India Mitigation China Mitigation
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 2000 2005 2010 2020 2025 2030 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 2000 2005 2010 2020 2025 2030 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 2000 2005 2010 2020 2025 2030
India China Steel Cement Paper & Pulp Index 2000 = 1
Technologies gaining share over other types of technologies in Steel industry