How market influences undermine traditional modes of regulation. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Joachim H. Spangenberg UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environment Research, Dept. Community Ecology, Halle/Saale Joachim.Spangenberg [at] ufz.de or [at] gmail.com, Vorsterstr. 97-99, 51103 Köln, Germany, Tel. +49-221-2168-94 How market influences undermine traditional modes of regulation. Observations from Kenya, Mongolia and the Philippines 6 th Annual International ESP Conference 2013 Making Ecosystem Services Count! Session 30 “Rice Ecosystem Services “ Pan Pacific Nirwana Bali Resort Hotel, Bali, Indonesia, August 26 th – 30 th , 2013 Dr. Joachim H. Spangenberg, Biodiversity and SPAC, Belgrade 9.10. 07

The ESS Definition “Ecosystem Services are the benefits that humans recognise as obtained from an ecosystem and that support, directly or indirectly, their survival and quality of life”. No recognition, no service, no price. Dr. Joachim H. Spangenberg, Biodiversity and SPAC, Belgrade 9.10. 07

The chicken and the eggs In the beginning, there was an ecosystem function? an ecosystem service? or what? We chose a stepwise order, starting with ecosystem functions. They are defined as traits of ecosystems which exist independent of human action, but can be modified by human intervention. Dr. Joachim H. Spangenberg, Biodiversity and SPAC, Belgrade 9.10. 07

The ESS Cascade (Potschin & Haines-Young, modified) A focus on the process: attributing values, mobilising, appropriating, commercialising services Dr. Joachim H. Spangenberg, Biodiversity and SPAC, Belgrade 9.10. 07

Case 1: Massai Mara, Kenya Dr. Joachim H. Spangenberg, Biodiversity and SPAC, Belgrade 9.10. 07

Massai life Dr. Joachim H. Spangenberg, Biodiversity and SPAC, Belgrade 9.10. 07

Attracting herbivores… Dr. Joachim H. Spangenberg, Biodiversity and SPAC, Belgrade 9.10. 07

…which attracts carnivors, and they attract tourists. Dr Joach m H Spangenberg, B od vers ty and SPAC Be grade 9 10 07 Dr. Joachim H. Spangenberg, Biodiversity and SPAC, Belgrade 9.10. 07

Case Ecosystem UVA Ecosystem Mobili- Ecosystem Exploi- Welfare Function Service sation Service tation Gain Potential  1 Diverse Grazable Herding, Cattle feed, Herd Milk, savannah grass, manage blood Kenya Gathering Fruit & landscape, ment, former Edible fruits and meat Other high and game, hunting, Cooking food biodiversity Con- Housing Stems for Logging Constructio struction construction n material  1 Landscape Grazable Burning Increased Tourism Cash increasingly grass, the number of marke- income Kenya grassland game savannah grazing ting from current character tourists pay animals and tourism to see their predators Dr. Joachim H. Spangenberg, Biodiversity and SPAC, Belgrade 9.10. 07

Nakuru National Park, Kenya Dr. Joachim H. Spangenberg, Biodiversity and SPAC, Belgrade 9.10. 07

Case 2: Mongolia Dr. Joachim H. Spangenberg, Biodiversity and SPAC, Belgrade 9.10. 07

Dr Joach m H Spangenberg, B od vers ty and SPAC Be grade 9 10 07 Vulnerable ecosystems sustainably used Dr. Joachim H. Spangenberg, Biodiversity and SPAC, Belgrade 9.10. 07

Modernising or abandoning traditional life? Dr. Joachim H. Spangenberg, Biodiversity and SPAC, Belgrade 9.10. 07

Case Ecosystem UVA Ecosystem Mobilisation Ecosystem Exploitation Function Service Service Potential  2 Vulnerable Nurturing Herding Herds of Milking grassland herds, in mainly many Mongolia particular horses horses former Temporary Socio- horses water cultural representing scarcity valuation wealth  2 Vulnerable Nurturing Stocking up Grazing Shearing the grassland, goats for on goats in many goats goats Mongolia eroding. Kashmir herds current production Temporary and local water scarcity Dr. Joachim H. Spangenberg, Biodiversity and SPAC, Belgrade 9.10. 07

What is the future of herding? (Uranium and rare earth mining is a separate issue) Dr. Joachim H. Spangenberg, Biodiversity and SPAC, Belgrade 9.10. 07

Case 3: I fugao, Philippines Dr. Joachim H. Spangenberg, Biodiversity and SPAC, Belgrade 9.10. 07

2000 years of Banaue Rice Terraces Dr Joach m H Spangenberg, B od vers ty and SPAC Be grade 9 10 07 Dr. Joachim H. Spangenberg, Biodiversity and SPAC, Belgrade 9.10. 07

Regulating services: mountain Dr Joach m H Spangenberg, B od vers ty and SPAC Be grade 9 10 07 forest safeguards freshwater supply Dr Joach m H Spangenberg, B od vers ty and SPAC Be grade 9 10 07 Dr. Joachim H. Spangenberg, Biodiversity and SPAC, Belgrade 9.10. 07

Benefits are recognised Dr. Joachim H. Spangenberg, Biodiversity and SPAC, Belgrade 9.10. 07

Case Ecosystem UVA Ecosystem Mobili- Ecosyste Exploi- Welfare Function Service sation m Service tation Gain Potential  3 Rice Suitable for Sustaining Rice and Drying Basis of terraces producing terraces sweet rice, subsisten Philip- rice and for rice potato storing ce pines Sweet sweet planting. production it in the existence former potato potatoes houses fields Protecting mostly Preparing hand Water forest sufficient aromatic Woodlots thres regulation against water rice and forests before and supply overuse supply dishes use for rice fields  3 Rice Attracting Logging Tourists Selling Cash terraces tourists and demanding craft income Philip- ready to carving souvenirs, work pines Rich spend souvenirs willing to current cultural money pay heritage Source of Increasing wood erosion Dr. Joachim H. Spangenberg, Biodiversity and SPAC, Belgrade 9.10. 07

Strong traditions: souvenir carving’s cultural basis Dr Joach m H Spangenberg, B od vers ty and SPAC Be grade 9 10 07 Dr. Joachim H. Spangenberg, Biodiversity and SPAC, Belgrade 9.10. 07

Conclusion Dr. Joachim H. Spangenberg, Biodiversity and SPAC, Belgrade 9.10. 07

Ecosystem services: no free gifts of nature but a human view on nature’s riches Dr. Joachim H. Spangenberg, Biodiversity and SPAC, Belgrade 9.10. 07

Diverging preferences of different social groups lead to different service potentials attributed to the same functions. Environmental conflicts begin right here. It’s a socio- cultural and political balancing act. Dr. Joachim H. Spangenberg, Biodiversity and SPAC, Belgrade 9.10. 07

Monetisation comes last – if at all necessary Dr. Joachim H. Spangenberg, Biodiversity and SPAC, Belgrade 9.10. 07

“ We h e have e beco ecom e e far t oo cl clev ever er t o s t o survi vive ve w it hou out w isdo dom ” E. F. S Schum acher Thank you ou fo for you our at t e t t ent i t ion. Fo For t h t he ex ext en ended ed present a t at i t ion an and ot her er paper ers see ee http://seri.academia.edu/JoachimHSpangenberg Dr. Joachim H. Spangenberg, Biodiversity and SPAC, Belgrade 9.10. 07