A Construct Validation of the Kilos at Kalooban ng Mag-aaral (KKM) in a Public High School in Quezon City Maxine Joyce T. Pinson Arsenio Sze Alianan, Jr.
Kilos at Kalooban ng Mag-aaral • Developed to measure factors that would hinder students’ performance • Test development: etic and emic approaches • Two validity scales and 8 problem scales • Six subscales patterned after the syndrome scales of the Youth Self Report (YSR; Achenbach & Rescorla, 2001)
KKM YSR Nerbyos (NB) Anxiety Kalungkutan (KL) Depression Paglabag sa Panuntunan (PN) Rule-breaking Behaviors Marahas na Kilos (MK) Aggressive Behaviors Problema sa Pag-iisip (PI) Thought Problems Problema sa Pag-pokus (PO) Attention Problems Di-wastong Pag-kain (PK) - Kalagayan ng Tahanan (KT) - Di-pangkaraniwang Sagot - (K1) Pagpapakitang-tao (K2) -
Internalizing Behaviors Nerbyos (NB) • 6 items • Feelings, thoughts, and behavioral manifestations that are experienced as a result of anxiety Kalungkutan (KL) • 9 items • Feeling sad, crying, loss of hope, and thoughts of suicide and self-harm
Externalizing Behaviors Paglabag sa Panuntunan (PN) • 12 items • Behaviors that are prohibited in school (tardiness, truancy and absenteeism, cheating, smoking, drinking alcohol, using illicit drugs, vandalism, gambling, theft) Marahas na Kilos (MK) • 11 items • Intentionally inflicting physical and emotional harm on others; giving threats and retaliating
Executive Function Scales Problema sa Pag-iisip (PI) • 14 items • Seen in people who may be experiencing psychosis (hearing voices, seeing things or people that others cannot hear and/or see, lethargy, confused states, display of strange behaviors)
Executive Function Scales Problema sa Pag-pokus (PO) • 12 items • Inability to stay still, listen to teachers, and finish schoolwork; acknowledgement of rowdy behaviors and attitude of indifference to teachers as well as to one’s studies
External Factors Di-wastong Pag-kain (PK) • 11 items • The acknowledgement of insufficient, untimely, and unhealthy food consumption. This also includes the youth's perception of his/her health Kalagayan ng Tahanan (KT) • 10 items • A complete and peaceful home environment; acknowledgement of the help and support provided by the parents in the students’ education
Aim of the Study Test the latent structure of the constructs measured by the KKM
Sample • 821 students (52% males) • Age: 12 to 22 years ( M=14, SD= 1.60) Freshmen N = 234 (28%) Sophomores N= 240 (29%) Juniors N = 168 (21%) Seniors N = 179 (22%)
Measure Kilos at Kalooban ng Mag-aaral (KKM) • 99 items, self-report • 4-point Likert scale • (0=hindi nangyayari; 3=palagi) α = .69 α = .76 α = .71 NB PI K1 α = .80 α = .78 α = .72 KL PO K2 α = .71 α = .76 PN PK α = .80 α = .78 MK KT
Data Analysis Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) • Mplus 6.12 • Maximum likelihood with robust standard errors (MLR) χ 2 Test of Model Fit p ≥ .05 ≤ .08 RMSEA ≥ .90 CFI SRMR < .08
CFA Results Internalizing Behaviors (NB, KL) χ 2 (89) = 267.72, p < .05 RMSEA = 0.05 CFI = 0.91 SRMR = 0.04 Factor covariance = .65 Factor loading = .33 to .69
CFA Results Externalizing Behaviors (PN, MK) χ 2 (229) = 672.97, p < .01 RMSEA = 0.05 CFI = 0.78 SRMR = 0.06 Model modifications: • Added 5 error covariances • Deleted items 6 (PN), 18 (MK), 27 (PN)
CFA Results Externalizing Behaviors (PN, MK) χ 2 (164) = 318.46, p < .05 RMSEA = 0.03 CFI = 0.90 SRMR = 0.05 Reliability coefficients: PN α = .68 MK α = .80 Factor covariance = .66 Factor loading = .33 to .67
CFA Results Executive Function Scales (PI, PO) χ 2 (298) = 804.53, p < .05 RMSEA = 0.05 CFI = 0.81 SRMR = 0.05 Model modifications: • Added 4 error covariances
CFA Results Executive Function Scales (PI, PO) χ 2 (294) = 569.46, p < .05 RMSEA = 0.03 CFI = 0.90 SRMR = 0.05 Reliability coefficients: PI α = .76 PO α = .78 Factor covariance: .51 Factor loading = .30 to .64
CFA Results External Factors (PK, KT) χ 2 (188) = 1564.30, p < .05 RMSEA = 0.09 CFI = 0.61 SRMR = 0.09 Model modifications: • Added 3 error covariances • Deleted items 23, 33, 42, 51 (PK)
CFA Results External Factors (PK, KT) χ 2 (115) = 244.71, p < .05 RMSEA = 0.04 CFI = 0.95 SRMR = 0.05 Reliability coefficients: PK α = .78 KT α = .78 Factor covariance: -.29 Factor loading = .27 to .75
In Summary • Model specifications were done to achieve adequate to good model fit • Significant parameter estimates for each factor the items were designed to measure • Items had zero loadings on other factors
Discussion • Results provide initial evidence of the construct validity of the KKM • Highlights construct-related evidence of the 4- factor structure of the KKM – Internalizing Behaviors – Externalizing Behaviors – Executive Functions – External Factors
Significance & Implications • Evidence for a new locally made tool for adolescents • Practical Implications in the use of the measure − Community mental health − Education and social work − Outcome studies and program evaluation − Research on Filipino Adolescents
Limitations and Future Directions • Sampling method • Self-report • Error covariances Use a more diverse and representative sample Gather data from multiple informants Item-weighting for items with error covariances Establish cut-off scores for the 2 validity scales Other evidences of validity: criterion-related evidence and predictive validity
Thank you.
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