High Resolution High Resolution Photon/Neutron Counting with - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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High Resolution Photon/Neutron Counting with Microchannel Plate detectors High Resolution Photon/Neutron Counting with Microchannel Plate detectors

A.S. Tremsin1, J.V. Vallerga1, J.B. McPhate1,

• C. Ertley1 O.H.W. Siegmund1, R.R. Raffanti2

1Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA 2Techne Instruments, 4920 Telegraph Ave, Unit G, Oakland CA 94609, USA

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• MCP detector configurations
• High spatial and timing resolution
• Optimization of
• spatial resolution
• temporal resolution
• counting rate capability
• Applications of fast MCP detectors:
• synchrotron soft X-ray instrumentation
• neutron energy-resolved imaging
• Near future improvements

Outline Outline

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MCP detectors have a niche in applications where high resolution timing and position have to be registered for each particle. Resolution now is better than ~10 m and timing ~50 ps in imaging mode and <10 ps for non-imaging applications. Count rates now can be as high as GHz. Not all best parameters in one device. MCP detectors MCP detectors

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 Photocathode converts

photon to electron

 MCP(s) amplify electron by

103 to 107

 Rear field accelerates

electrons to readout

 Different readouts can be

used, optimized for particular application

MCP detector configuration for photon/neutron applications

No ideal detector fitting all applications. Compromises are always to be found.

Photocathode is used for photon detection

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MCP detectors developed for low light applications MCP detectors developed for low light applications

• S. Mende, et al., Space Science Reviews, 91 (2000), pp.271-285.

Applications are extended to high rate imaging with high spatial and time resolution. Single particle sensitivity. High dynamic range (>104). Multiple simultaneous particles (>103-104). Intrinsically short response time.

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MCP/Timepix detector

Individual phases imaged Phase imaging from individual photons Regular digital camera Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Photons timed and phased to a single period of 60Hz line frequency. Lightcurves of 3 different pixels shown at right.

J.V. Vallerga, et al., Journal of Instrumentation JINST 9 C05055 (2014).

Spatial resolution is much better now.

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Synchrotron applications of MCP detectors

Synchrotron generated photon pulses ~ 18 ps wide, 2 ns apart 2D Imaging + time for each detected photon Scattered photons Thin film samples Elastically scattered photons

50 100 150 200 250 300 2 4 6 8 10 Time delay (ns) Counts

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 Time (ns) Photon counts Measured Gaussian fit 55 ps RMS

Timing accuracy 55 ps RMS (130 ps FWHM)

IEEE Trans. Nucl .Sci. 54 (2007) 706

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ALS refill optimization: bunch diffusion ALS refill optimization: bunch diffusion

Bunch population after injection

Diffusion of electrons between the adjacent bunches was optimized with MCP detection system

Bunch population ~76 min later

• W. E. Byrne, C.-W. Chiu, J. Guo, F. Sannibale, J.S. Hull, O.H.W. Siegmund, A. S. Tremsin , J.V. Vallerga

Proceedings EPAC’06, Edinburgh, June 2006

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LAPPD collaboration LAPPD collaboration

Slide from A. Elagin talk, U. Chicago, Nov. 2017

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Towards ~ps timing resolution Towards ~ps timing resolution

• Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 063108 2008
• Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 629 (2011) 123–132
• Rev. Sci. Instrum. 67 (1996) 1790

50  impedance matching anode

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Detector hardware implementations by Space Sciences Laboratory (UCB)

Synchrotron beamline detectors: ARPES – angular resolved photoelectron emission spectroscopy COS detector Installed on Hubble telescope ALS RIXS detector LCLS, 2018

NASA Shuttle STS-125 Mission

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Cross Delayline (XDL) Cross Strip (XS) Medipix/Timepix ASIC 4 amps Gain ~ 107 Rate < 1MHz t ~ 50 ps rms 2 x N amps Gain ~ 106 Rate < 5MHz t ~ 50 ps rms N x N amps Gain ~ 104-105 Rate > 500MHz t ~ 1.6 ns (100 ps)

Readout types Readout types

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Cross Delayline (XDL) Cross Strip (XS) Medipix/Timepix ASIC Single particle processed Dead time ~300ns

• nly for active fingers

Single particle processed Dead time 200-300 ns Multiple events detected (up to 25000) 1200 frames/s Timepix3 – 80 MHits per chip

Readout types Readout types

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Spatial resolution of MCP detectors

• XDL readout
• Very linear images
• Resolution ~20µm FWHM

and 50 ps rms

• Large Formats (20cm x 20cm)
• Gain ~107
• Global event rates <1 MHz
• XS readout
• Very high resolution

~10 µm FWHM and ~100 ps rms

• Gain ~106
• Event rates < 5 MHz
• CMOS readout
• Resolution ~55µm FWHM and

~10 µm FWHM with event centroiding

• Very high event rates >1 GHz

(no centroiding, no timing)

• Gain <105
• Small active area 28x28 mm2

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Delay line readout Delay line readout

Timing Stop Ystart Ystop Xstart Xstop Qy Qx NC NC NC NC TDC1 TDC2 Synchr. Trig MCP XDL anode Amplifier1 PC Amplifier2 Amplifier3 Mesh

Timing signal from MCP Timing signal from anode

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Cross strip readout Cross strip readout

Each finger has its preamplifier followed by an ADC, continuously digitizing the signal. Centroiding done on digitally calculated charge values.

Bottom fingers Anode strips

Charge cloud from MCP

12 bit ADC 12 bit ADC 12 bit ADC 12 bit ADC 12 bit ADC 12 bit ADC 12 bit ADC 12 bit ADC 12 bit ADC 12 bit ADC

FPGA board: Digital peak detection Centroiding +Correlated timing channel 50 MHz ADC X (Y) position

• O. Siegmund, et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 610, pp.118-122 (2009)

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MCP/Timepix detector configuration: Gen. 2

A.S. Tremsin, et al., Nucl Instr Meth A 787 (2015) 20

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MCP detector with Medipix/Timepix readout: Gen 2

• Up to 1200 frames/sec
• Readout time ~310 s

(0 us for new generation)

• 3 acquisition modes.

Each pixel provides either:

• Event counts

(image integrated

• n the chip)
• Time of event

(up to 10 ns accuracy)

• Charge accumulated

in a pixel (ToT mode)

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Timepix readout for MCP detectors: Gen 2, Gen 3, Gen. 4 Timepix readout for MCP detectors: Gen 2, Gen 3, Gen. 4

• Simultaneous events can be detected (several thousands).
• The same detector: event counting or frame-based imaging.
• Operate at low gain (104-105).
• Can operate at very high counting rates exceeding 100 MHz/cm2

(55 m resolution) or at rates of ~2-3 MHz (Gen. 2), >30 MHz (Gen. 3, 4) per 2x2 Timepix readout with resolution of <10 µm .

• Analog amplification in pixels, only digital signals read out.
• No readout noise.
• Radiation hard.

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High input rates - frame-based event counting mode (>1 GHz) High input rates - frame-based event counting mode (>1 GHz)

High count rates are possible. Up to 11800 counts per pixel before readout out. Resolution limited by ~55 m pixels 1 mm 3 mm Group 2 Group 3

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Time of each event Time of each event

Timing of each event (currently with 10 ns resolution, Gen 2, 1.6 ns Gen.3 and <200ps Gen. 4) relative to external trigger is measured. Time histogram is accumulated in each pixel. Spatial resolution limited by ~55 m pixels (Gen. 2), ~7 m (Gen. 3, 4) 28 mm UV penray lamp intensity fluctuations (60 Hz AC)

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50 100 150 200 250 300 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 TOT counts Row number

200 400 600 800 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 TOT counts Row number

Event centroiding Event centroiding

Each pixel measures charge accumulated in a frame (Time Over Threshold method) Only one event per pixel is allowed before the readout

No readout noise!

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High resolution mode: Event centroiding High resolution mode: Event centroiding

High resolution imaging with resolution ~ MCP pore is possible

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 1 2 3 4 Counts/pix Position (mm)

32 lpm 36 lpm 40.3 lpm 45.3 lpm 50.8 lpm 57 lpm

Readout resolution ~4 m FWHM

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 Counts/pix Subpixel position (mm)

Nucl, Instr. Meth. A 787 (2015) pp. 20-25.

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RIXS experiments at ALS RIXS experiments at ALS

HOPG elastic peak vibronic coupling

Courtesy of Xuefei Feng (ALS), Yi-De Chuang (ALS), Shawn Sallis (ALS), Wanli Yang (ALS), Jinghua Guo (ALS)

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Pump-probe experiments: FEL applications Pump-probe experiments: FEL applications

T between X-ray pulse and Laser excitation is measured with sub-ps accuracy Pulse identification is needed for some experiments, where multiple photons are to be registered by the detector

• M. Meyer, "Characterization of the

FLASH XUV-FEL pulses by two-color photoionization experiments", UVX 2008 (2009) 113–118

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Pump-probe experiments: FEL applications Pump-probe experiments: FEL applications

First experiment was conducted in April 2018. Results are being analyzed. Could easily identify each photon to FEL pulse. Should be easily doable for LCLS-II upgraded rates.

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LCLS-II upgrade: ~MHz repetition rate LCLS-II upgrade: ~MHz repetition rate

Pulse identification is needed for some experiments, where multiple photons are to be registered by the detector. MCP/Timepix high resolution timing and multiple event detection can provide better detection options compared to other devices.

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MCP/Timepix soft X-ray detectors roadmap MCP/Timepix soft X-ray detectors roadmap

• Gen. 2

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Spatial resolution 55 µm with 10 ns timing resolution

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Either high spatial resolution (~7 µm), or high timing resolution

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Count rate in high spatial resolution (~7 µm), is limited to ~3 MHz

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Count rate with 10 ns and 55 µm is ~ 30 MHz

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320 µs readout time (dead time) per frame

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Power dissipation ~1W/chip

• Gen. 3 (to be developed at SSL)

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Timing resolution improved to ~1.6 ns

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Spatial resolution 7.2 µm with 1.6 ns timing resolution

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Both high spatial (~7.2 µm) and timing resolution (1.6 ns) are possible

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No dead time for readout: event driven readout

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More heat generated in vacuum (power dissipation ~2 W/chip); power options can be

• ptimized

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Longer cable out of vacuum (LVDS signal output)

• Gen. 4

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Timing resolution to be improved to <200 ps

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Larger area per chip

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4-side buttable

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All energies are imaged at the same time!

Propagating neutron pulse Neutron counting 2D detector Time X Y Trigger synchronized to the source X,Y,T for every detected neutron Pulsed Neutron Source 20 - 60 Hz ~100 ns pulses Sample

~250,000 spectra is measured simultaneously!

Energy-resolved neutron imaging: time of flight

0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 1 2 3 4 5 Transmission Wavelength (Å) N2 N1 Annealed

200 311 220 111

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Load in Spiralock threads Load in Spiralock threads

Steel screws in Al base Steel screws in stainless steel

Strain 52 (2016) 548-558

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Load in Spiralock threads Load in Spiralock threads

Torqued to 185 lb-in Not torqued

• 1000
• 800
• 600
• 400
• 200

200 400 5 10 15 20 25 30

Microstrain (µε) Distance Along Bolt (mm)

Regular Spiralock

Thread start Loaded Steel

• 1000
• 800
• 600
• 400
• 200

200 400 5 10 15 20 25 30

Microstrain (µε) Distance Along Bolt (mm)

Regular Spiralock

Thread start Unloaded Steel

Strain 52 (2016) 548-558

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• Region 1: mixed mode that is combination of columnar and equiaxed growth mode;
• Region 2: highly misoriented equiaxed grain growth;
• Region 3: <001> columnar grain growth

Fabricated using rotary atomised powder of the Ni base superalloy Inconel 718

Additive manufacturing: texture control Additive manufacturing: texture control

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Additive manufacturing: texture control Additive manufacturing: texture control

Image acquired at VULCAN at ~1.5 A

Materials Science and Technology 31 (2015) 931-938.

Photograph of the sample Image acquired at SNAP beamline````

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In-situ crystal growth diagnostics and optimization

BaBrCl:5%Eu

• E. Bourret: LBNL, LANL, UM, UC Berkeley collaboration

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Transmission Neutron enery (eV) Solid 5% Solid 0.5% Melt 5% Theory 5.5% Theory 0.4% Theory 4%

Eu distribution is mapped with <0.01% accuracy with ~100 m resolution

In-situ crystal growth diagnostics and optimization

Scientific Reports 7 (2017) 46275

• Cryst. Growth Des. 17 (2017) 6372

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Magnetic domain walls imaging

R.P. Harti, et al., submitted Scientific Reports (2018) Neutrons scatter at magnetic domain walls. That is used in diffraction grating interferometry to visualize the walls. Entire bulk is measured by neutrons. No need to remove the protective coating. Effect of stresses can be studied (e.g. by laser pinning).

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Remote imaging of magnetic field Remote imaging of magnetic field

• N. Kardjilov et al., Nature Phys. 4 (2008) 399–403

Magnetic field produced by 3 kHz AC current in a coil imaged

Magnetic Field 3 kHz

8 s time slices stacked into a movie New Journal of Physics 17 (2015) 043047

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Element specific imaging Element specific imaging

AIP Advances 7, 015315 (2017)

All images are measured in one experiment!

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Experimental Astrophysics group, Space Sciences Laboratory, UC Berkeley, USA

• O. H. W. Siegmund, J. V. Vallerga, J. B. McPhate, J.

Hull, J. Tedesco, S. Jelinsky, C. Ertley Techne Instruments, Oakland, CA, USA

• R. Raffanti

Nova Scientific, Inc, Sturbridge, USA (manufacturer of neutron sensitive MCPs)

• W. B. Feller, P. White, B. White

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, USA

• G. Lebedev, Z. Hussain, J. -H. Guo, S. Roy, Per-Anders

Glans, E. D. Bourret-Courchesne, G. A. Bizarri, D. Perrodin, I. Khodyuk, T. Shalapska, S. Neppl, J. Mahl,

• O. Gessner

Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, ISIS Facility, UK

• W. Kockelmann, S. Y. Zhang, J. Kelleher, S. Kabra,

D.E. Pooley, G. Burca J-PARC Center, JAEA

• T. Shinohara. T. Kai, K. Oikawa

Nagoya University, Japan

• Y. Kiyanagi

Hokkaido University Japan T.Kamiyama, Y. Shiota, H. Sato LANSCE, Los Alamos National Laboratory

• S. Vogel, A. Losko, M. Mocko, M.A.M. Bourke

Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland

• E. Lehmann, A. Kaestner, T. Panzner, P. Trtik,
• M. Morgano

Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy

• F. Grazzi

Acknowledgements

European Spallation Source Scandinavia

• M. Strobl

Technical University of Denmark

• S. Schmidt, M.Makowska

University of Tenneessee

• D. Penumadu

Centro Atomico Bariloche, Argentina

• J. Santisteban

Spallation Neutron Source, ORNL, USA

• H. Z. Bilheux, L.J. Santodonato, J. Bilheux,

Technische Universität München, Germany

• B. Schillinger, M. Schulz
• Dep. of Geology and Environmental Earth Scie, Miami University

John Rakovan HZB, Berlin

• N. Kardjilov, R. Woracek

Open University, UK

• M. Fitzpatrick

Cranfield University, UK Supriyo Ganguly Oxford University, UK A.M. Korsunsky General Electric Global Research Yan Gao Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Germany

• V. Dangendorf, K. Tittelmeier

Univeristy of California Los Angeles

• X. Michalet , R. A. Colyer, S. Weiss

ANL, Univ. Chicago, Incom, Inc. MA, USA LAPPD collaboration Arradiance, Sudbury, MA, USA D.R. Beaulieu, D. Gorelikov, H. Klotzsch, K. Stenton, P. de Rouffignac, N. Sullivan Colleagues I forgot.......(with my apologies)

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MCP detectors provide unique opportunities in applications where event counting with high spatial and time resolution is required.

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Specific type of MCP detector configuration has to be selected for a particular application.

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Latest developments of MCP manufacturing technology and fast electronics substantially improve the performance of MCP detectors: longer lifetime, high counting rate capabilities, larger sensitive area, many simultaneous particles.

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Various new applications of MCP detectors have been demonstrated recently in very diverse fields.

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These devices are still relatively complicated and not as easy to operate as scientific CCD/CMOS detectors.

Summary Summary

Thank you for your attention!

This work was supported in part by NASA, DOE, NSF, NIH and NNSA. The work on MCP/Timepix detector was done within the Medipix collaboration.