Haors of Bangladesh: Threats, Constraints and Potentialities Dr. - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Haors of Bangladesh: Threats, Constraints and Potentialities

• Dr. Syed Ali Azher

 Haor: Bengali word ‘haor’ from the word ‘sagor’,dialectically ‘saior’ from ‘sagor’ and ‘haor’ from ‘saior’ (Khan, 1990).  Popular vatially (folk) song ‘majhi bya jaoray- okulo saiorer majhay’ -exhibit ‘saior’ as ‘haor’.  During monsoon, vast and boundless deep water body of ‘haor’ with strong wave shows the scene

• f

sea. Therefore, it is also called ‘inland sea’.

Haor District and Upazila

Sunamganj: Sunamganj Sadar, Jagannathpur, Dharmapasha, Jamalganj, Chhatak, Derai, Salla, Tahirpur, Bishambarpur Netrokona: Atpara, Barhatta, khaliajuri, Mohongonj, Madan, Kandua Sylhet: Jaintiapur, Beanibazar, Fenchuganj, Balagonj, Biswanath Hobiganj: Ajmerigonj, Hobiganj Sadar, Bahubal Maulavi Bazar: Malivi Bazar Sadar, Kulaura, Rajnagar, Sreemangal  Kishorganj: Mithamain, Karimgonj, Austragram, Itna, Nikli, Bazitpur Kuliarchar, Tarail, Bhairab, Katiadi Bramanbaria: Bhramanbaria Sadar, Nasirnagar Total: 7 Districts and 39 Haor Upazilas (Source: Banglapedia,2003)

Total Inland Fisheries resources Occupied about 33%

• f the total area of

Bangladesh

55% 28% 17% Contribution in annual fish production (%) in 2012-13 out of 3.42 mill.mt. (DoF,2014)

Inland Openwater Inland Closed Water Marine Water

Total Water Resources

Inland Freshwater (4.70 million ha) Closed water/Culture fisheries (16.24%) Openwater Fisheries (83.76%) Marine Water (Roughly 166,000 km2, EEZ -141,000 km2)

Branched river Cannel Cannel Beel Haor and Flood Plain in dry season Haor in monsoon River

 Haor Ecosystem can be classified as follows: (A)Beel, (B)Floodplain and (C)River and Canal

River

Area of Bangladesh 147,570 km²=1,47,57000 ha Inland Water Resources : 4.70 million ha (DoF,2014) (About 32% of total area of BD)

Fisheries Sector of BD about 2.46%

• f total

export earning 2.19% of World production 2.45 % of total production in Asia Prawn 2.32 and Hilsha 3.51 mill.mt (2012-13) Steady Average Growth rate (5.99%) 17.12 mill. peoples involved 29.34% from inland open water 23.37% to Agriculture sector 4.37% to GDP 60% to animal protein

• Fig. Contribution of fisheries sector including Haor

Haor ecosystem providing the following services:  Supporting livelihoods of community peoples,  Supporting the diversity and abundance of Flora and fauna  Providing important habitat and refuges for migratory, rare or threatened species,  Forming part of natural hydrological cycles,  Providing water passage and storage; and the recharge of aquifers,  Nutrient cycling and improving water quality by trapping nutrients and sediments,  Supporting species to adapt to the effects of climate change by providing refuge and landscape connectivity,  Contributing to the sequestration and storage of carbon to mitigate against climate change,  Contributing to economic productivity of Bangladesh-as water sources for agricultural, urban uses,  As mother Fishery-vital breeding, nursery and harvest sites for inland open water fish, mollusks and crustaceans, brood-stock

• f wild fishes for aquaculture

 Contributing to cultural heritage and spiritual values etc

Biodiversity: Flora Swamp Trees Aquatic Fruit Bird Sanctuary Aquatic Vegetable Plant-Padda

Biodiversity of Haor: Flora

Mastered

Birds Leech Snake Fish Turtle Crustaceans Mollusks

Biodiversity of Haor: Fauna

Land Area(Ha) BDT/Ha Total Value (Tk. Mill/year) % Total Wetland Goods

Fish harvest 13,595.10 13,586.43+ 184.71 28% Fish hatchlings supplies 13,595.10 761.69+ 10.36 2% Fish trading 13,595.10 5,010.90+ 68.12 10% Rice Production 16,102.19 7,050.00+ 113.52 15% Non Fish and Non Rice Products 7,115.87 5,330.37+ 37.93 11% Duck rearing 13,595.10 11.89+ 0.16 0% Cattle and buffalo rearing 7,115.87 5,466.82+ 38.90 11% Other benefits 7,115.87 3,063.27+ 21.80 6% Wetland services Watershed benefit 13,595.10 1,020.93* 13.88 2% Flood control benefits 13,595.10 2,242.04* 30.48 5% Biodiversity benefits (Birds, Migratory birds, aquatic flora and fauna, non-aquatic flora and fauna) 13,595.10 4,174.63* 56.75 9% Aesthetic benefits 13,595.00 671.91* 9.13 1% Total 48,390.89 585.75 100%

Table 1: Value of wetland goods and services in Hakaluki haor (Source: +IUCN Study 2006; *Hail Haor MACH Project Study, USAID 2002, values are adjusted for 2006 using CPI.) Project Study, USAID 2002, values are adjusted for 2006 using CPI.)

If we calculate considering average 6.63 % inflammation per year, then from 2007 to 2015 total value of wetland goods and services in Hakaluki haor-ECA for 2015 becomes $36,286.10/year (Tk.28,87,484.41/Ha) and $ 48.80 mill/year (Tk. 3883.52 mill/year). This is a rough estimation.

Haor Management issues, Constrainsts and threats Present constraints, threats and trends of wetland habitats, fisheries and biodiversity (including CC)

Constraints

Administrative support not as per expectation of CBOs Jalmohal not leasing to CBOs for a period of long term Implementation and observation of biodiversity conservation act, rule, norm not as per requirement

• Govt. not providing financial support/Credit to CBOs

Very few number water bodies in Co-management Lack of Tourism facilities No permanent programme for habitat restoration Leasing of Khas land without considering biodiversity conservation Lack of community participation in management of constructed water regulatory structures Lack of early and draught tolerance crop variety Less capacity of community peoples which not sufficient for AIGAs Bad internal communication Natural water flow administration-Infrastructure-Road, embankment, sluice gate, rubber dam etc. Less education Very congested homestead Haor culture-Attitude, Behavior, Language, Folk, Marriage ceremony, Cake etc. Health, family Planning and Sanitation problem

Encroachment-Aquaculture farming, Paddy land, Homestead-increasing Habitat Degradation/loss-Siltation/sedimentation-increasing Dewatering of waterbodies-increasing Threatened of Species-Fluctuating Closing of Connectivity's- Hill, Chara, Canal, Haor, Beel, River-increasing Climate change effect-draught, Early flood, Wave action-increasing Shrinkage of the haor vegetation-increasing Political influence/influential people-increasing Hunting-Bird, Light Fishing-Fluctuating Deforestation of the haor area ( clearing of swamp forest, reed lands and grasses) Use of Destructive fishing gears-Kapri Jal, Current Jal, Fixed engine, Dredge net etc.-increasing Brick field-Constant

Threats and trends of wetland habitats, fisheries and biodiversity (including CC)

Fig . Setalite image on aquaculture encroachment scenario in Hail Haor from 2000-2014(Source: CREL, 2015)

Different Stakeholders-Actors

Haor CBOs

Adminstratio n-District and Upazila DoE-CBA- ECA,CREL FD-CREL NGO FCS Political Leaders DLS Leaseholders Resourse Users Civil society DAE Police Department, Ansar& VDP LGED,BWDB Professionals

• Farmers,

Fishers, Fish Traders/busin ess Union/Upz

Revenue Department

Department

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Welfare Department

• f Co-
• perative

DoF

Vast Water Resource Huge wetland flora and Fauna Human resources Vast scope

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Agriculture

Potentialities

Vast Fisheries resources and Scope of Aquaculture Low-cost Navigation- Communicati

• n/Transport

ation Very Rich biodiversity Vast area for afforestation Availability of naturel Perl Unique

• pportunity for

Eco-tourism Rich in medicinal plant Scope of diversified livelihoods Availability of Fuel- coal/wood/tre es/plant Scope of Livestock

Haor Biodiversity Conservation and Management Tools

• 1. Rapport Building and Awareness Raising

2.Capasity Development:

Train aining con

• nduct

t for

• r CBOs On R

RMS, AIG IG Trade Optio tions, Sanct ctuary Managemen ent, Organizati tional De Developments,

3. . Establis ishment of Sanctuary

4.I .Introduction of Endangered Fis ish specie ies

Fingerling Stocking Beel Nursery Brood Stocking Young Fish Stocking

5.

• 5. Constructio

ion of f environment/ t/fish fr frie iendly str tructures Im Implementing Agr gro-Fis ish Fri riendly Sl Sluice Gate Management

Fig 3: One vent vertical slot Kashimpur Fishpass at Kawadighi haor in Moulvi bazar

Sariakandi fish pass: view of the Bangali River from the fish pass

6. . Ris isk k Management:

Outb tbreak of

• f Fis

ish Dis Disease and Treatment

7. . Pla lantation

Swamp Tree, Riparian, Aquatic Plants

Before Excavation After Excavation Before Excavation After Excavation

8. . Habit itat Restoration/Re-excavation

10.Provide Ecotourism facilities. 11.Health, Family planning 11.Education 12.Integrated development approach

• 13. Application of Technology

Outp tput of f Good Governance in in Haor NRM

Good Governance in Haor NRM

Appropriate Management Approach Biodiversity Conservation through applying tools Expected Yield Change of Development and Economic indicators Livelihood Development-Ensure poverty reduction, Conserve biodiversity Ensure Revenue etc.

Thanks