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Global Practitioners Knowledge Exchange on Public Employment Programmes and their Application in Adaptive Social Protection Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (MGNREGA) PRESENTATION BY MR. RAGHVENDRA PRATAP
Global Practitioner’s Knowledge Exchange on Public Employment Programmes and their Application in Adaptive Social Protection
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act’ 2005 (MGNREGA)
PRESENTATION BY – MR. RAGHVENDRA PRATAP SINGH, DIRECTOR (MGNREGA), MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT, GOVT. OF INDIA
Rural Development Challenges in India
◆Livelihood insecurity for millions living in rural areas ◆Minimal participation of poor in development programs ◆More dependence on agriculture for livelihood ◆Agriculture is dependent majorly on Rain ◆Environmental degradation & Climate change
Evolution Of Government Responses
◆ Several initiatives taken earlier for providing wage employment ◆ Statutory right to food security through MGNREGA passed by Parliament in August 2005 ◆ Came into force as a program on February 2, 2006 ◆ Shared responsibility between government at Centre and State ◆ Implemented in a phased manner. ❖ Phase-I (2006-2007): in 200 most backward districts of the country ❖ Phase II (2007-2008): 130 more districts added ❖ Phase III (from April 1, 2008): All remaining rural districts of India
Primary Stakeholders
1. Wage seekers 2. Panchayati Raj Institutions (local government), specially the gram panchayat (village counsil) 3. Programme Officer at the block levels (sub divisions of districts) 4. District Programme Coordinator 5. State Government 6. Central Government - Ministry of Rural Development
Process of MGNREGS
*PE – Post Event **RT – Real Time
Salient features of the Act
Rights based approach Universal guarantee; Demand-driven Decentralized planning & implementation Prime role for Village Administration; dedicated cadre for implementation Quality works and asset management Technical support for quality asset creation; User group development Natural Resource Management GIS based integrated planning approach and NRM based livelihoods. Convergence for comprehensive benefits
With other rural development programmes for better housing, sanitation, irrigation facilities etc.
Monitoring, Transparency & Accountability
Proactive disclosure through Social Audits, Geo-tagging of assets, Management Information System etc.
(Gram Panchayats) : 2,62,840
world.
Highlights
Budget
8.226 billion US $ for 2018-19 alone. Highest budget allocation for a rural development programme in India. Expenditure since inception until 2019 (so far) is US $ 71.5 billion. 1 US $ = 71 Indian Rupees Women form 53 percent of the workforce. 99 percent of wages paid through digitized direct beneficiary transfer mechanisms. MGNREGA includes 260 permissible works - 181 works are focussed on Natural Resource Management, of which 84 are exclusively related to water. 65 percent of expenditure on NRM related works.
34.1 million assets of the 36 million assets created have been geo-tagged (so far).
‘Mission Water Conservation’ launched by Government of India in 2016 to provide special focus to water stressed and irrigation deprived regions.
Women Participation
Rights Based Approach
◆ Right to a MGNREGA Job Card – Any rural household who is willing to do unskilled manual work can apply for a Job Card at the Gram Panchayat (local Government), and needs to be provided one within 15 days. ◆ Right to demand work - up to 100 days in a year. ◆ Right to employment - within 15 days of application. Unemployment allowance from Day 16. ◆ Right to wages – to receive notified wage rate and within 15 days. Delayed compensation from Day 16. ◆ Right to obtain work within 5 km radius of his/her residence. Mandated for 1/3rd women participation; priority inclusion, work allocation for Scheduled Caste/ Scheduled Tribe, Persons With Disability, elderly, primitive tribes etc.
(In Billion US $) 1 US $ = 71 Indian Rupees
Budget Allocation
Year Budget Estimate 2006-07 1.591 2007-08 1.690 2008-09 2.253 2009-10 5.507 2010-11 5.647 2011-12 5.634 2012-13 4.648 2013-14 4.648 2014-15 4.789 2015-16 4.887 2016-17 5.422 2017-18 6.761 2018-19 7.747
(so far)
2,2 2,39 2,2 2,31 2,53 1,66 2,35 2,35 2,33 2,36 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 FY 2014-2015 FY 2015-2016 FY 2016-2017 FY 2017-2018 FY 2018-2019 Approved Labour Budget Persondays Generated
Persondays Generation against Labour Budget (In Billions)
(so far)
HHs Demanded, Offered and Provided the Employment (HHs in Millions)
57,31 57,10 57,17 56,58 51,16 49,98 25,00 30,00 35,00 40,00 45,00 50,00 55,00 FY 2017-18 FY 2018-19
Demanded Offer Provided
(so far)
Decentralised planning & implementation
◆ All activities including job card application, demand and allocation of work, primary payment processing etc. happens at the Gram Panchayat (Local Government) level. ◆ The Gram Sabha (Village council) including the community, elected representatives and
for MGNREGA. ◆ Decentralised administration with defined roles: ❖ Mates at every MGNREGA worksite for supervision, and ensuring worksite facilities such as drinking water, shed, crèche, first aid etc. ❖ Programme Officer at the Block level ❖ District Programme Coordinator ❖ MGNREGA Cell at State Government ❖ Programme Division at Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India
Quality Works and Asset Management
◆ Focus on creation of rural infrastructure for sustainable livelihoods, and enhancing the living conditions in rural areas. ◆ 60:40 wage and material ratio is maintained for works. No contractors or machinery allowed ◆ Technical cadre on ground for ensuring creation of durable assets: Technical Assistants, Barefoot Technicians, Engineers at Gram Panchayat/ cluster/ Block level. ◆ Maintenance of case-record files at every work site including the work estimates, sanctions and worker details. ◆ Creation of user groups and management committees at asset/ community level for continued maintenance and management of assets.
260 permissible works under 4 categories
Category A: Public works relating to NRM Category B: Individual assets for vulnerable sections
Category C: Common Infrastructure For NRLM (National Rural Livelihood Mission) Compliant Self Help Groups
Category D: Rural Infrastructure
Enhanced focus on Natural Resource Management (NRM)
◆ 58% expenditure
NRM (Approx. 5.01 Billion US $). ◆ Out of 260 permissible works, 181 works relate to NRM; 81 are exclusively on water. ◆ Mission Water Conservation launched in 2016 mandates 65% expenditure on water related works in 2129 water stressed Blocks. ❖ Water conservation for water management and drought mitigation: farm ponds, check dams, structures for ground water recharge, farm ponds, percolation tanks, artificial recharge of wells through sand filters etc.
Rising Expenditure on NRM Works
(In Billion US $) 1 US $ = 71 Indian Rupees 4,06 4,44 4,53 5,01 0,0 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 FY 2015-16 FY 2016-17 FY 2017-18 FY 2018-19(so far)
Fishing activity in a Farm Pond Tamil Nadu
Water Conservation Pond at Village Ramsiej, Block Mawthadraishan, District W. Khasi Hills, Meghalaya
Water Conservation Pond (Johar) at Dilman GP, Sirmour District Himachal Pradesh
Check Dam Rajasthan
Multi-arch Check Dam Karnataka
Check Dam at Village Bakartala, G.P. Panto, Block Jashipur, District Mayurbhanj, Odisha
Irrigation channel Arunachal Pradesh
Irrigation canal (locally known as KUHAL) Nahan Gram Panchayat, Sirmour District, Himachal Pradesh
Water channel District West Sikkim, Sikkim
21,40% 33,80% 51,41% 62,27% 66.51%
0,00% 10,00% 20,00% 30,00% 40,00% 50,00% 60,00% 70,00% FY 14-15 FY 15-16 FY 16-17 FY 17-18 FY 18-19*
% of Works taken-up on Land of Individual Beneficiaries
*(so far)
Irrigation well under Kapildhara in Betul, Madhya Pradesh
Management Information System –NREGASoft
Transparency and Accountability
◆ Regular conduct of Social Audit Gram Sabha (local council), and proactive disclosure of all MGNREGA works related information. ◆ www.nrega.nic.in Digitialized Management Information System with modules for every function including fund management, labour budget, staffing, work progress etc. ◆ Every MGNREGA worksite has a Citizen Information Board publicly displaying all details of the work, estimated and actual costs, labour: material ratio etc. ◆ A set of 7 registers maintained at every Gram Panchayat including details of all workers, works undertaken etc. ◆ Grievance Redressal System and toll-free helpline numbers activated at State level.
Geo-tagging Assets
Every MGNREGA asset is tagged along with basic information and made available to public through www.nrega.nic.in.
GIS DESIGN PLAN EVOLUTION
GIS Based Planning
GIS assisted integrated NRM planning
◆ A robust tool developed on watershed principles, and is currently based on six thematic profiles of an area: topography, geomorphology, land use land cover patter, drainage system, contours and lineaments. ◆ Currently used at the Local Government level. ◆ Supports well-informed decision making through correlating spatial and non-spatial information. ◆ Helps to determine the areas where MGNREGS works need to be implemented on priority. ◆ Saves cost and time, as holistic information is available on a laptop with internet connection on real-time basis.
30 GIS Facility Centre’s to be Established in FY 2018-19 Under MGNREGS
e-Saksham
e-Saksham
◆ A Massive Open Online Course to capacitate MGNREGA technical functionaries on GIS based planning approach. ◆ 6 Modules, 17 Video Sessions in English & Hindi ◆ Total Duration : 2:20 hours ◆ Available through a website and android mobile application ◆ Every module includes a FAQ session for immediate doubt clarifications, and an e-mail based helpline system for further technical handholding. ◆ Every participant will have the opportunity to attempt a quiz at the end of each module to assess their understanding. ◆ A discussion forum for enhancing the scope for learning and sharing knowledge.
Estimates - Before SECURE Implementation
Difficult to Replicate Non-standard Record keeping Accountability
SECURE – Digital Estimation
TIME EFFICIENT PROCESS ONLINE APPROVAL EASILY TRACEABLE INCREASED TRANSPARENCY & ACCOUNTABILITY
Convergence for Comprehensive Benefits
Convergence with other rural development programmes for better housing, sanitation, irrigation facilities etc. ◆ Prime Minister’s Irrigation Programme (PMKSY), Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP), Command Area Development & Water Management (CAD&WM) for supporting agriculture; ◆ Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) for housing; ◆ Swacchh Bharat Mission for sanitation; ◆ Ministry of Water Resources for artificial recharge ◆ Ministry of Textile for sericulture ◆ Ministry of Commerce for rubber plantation
◆SAKSHAM: Technical Personnel ◆SECURE: Technical Personnel ◆GeoMGNREGA: Block and GP Personnel ◆Social Audit: Resource persons & women SHG members ◆BFT: MGNREGA Beneficiary ◆GIS based Planning
Capacity Building
◆ SAKSHAM capacity building programme has been launched to train technical resource persons on INRM planning and use of geo-information for planning. ◆ Bare Foot Technicians (BFT): The Ministry has initiated BFT Project, wherein a youth from the MGNREGA worker household/ Mate/ Supervisor are identified and provided 90 days of technical training on basic civil engineering concepts. ◆ 4-day residential Social Audit SHG-VRP Training Program: The objective of the SHG-VRP training programme is to create a community cadre of SHG members for effective conduct of social audits at the Gram Panchayat level as Village Resource Persons. ◆ SECURE: For standardizing the process of preparing appropriate work estimates based on the prevailing SOR, a software “SECURE” has been developed and field functionaries are being trained to make use of the software.
Capacity Building
Bare Foot technicians during their field class
Bare Foot technicians during their field class
Bare Foot technicians during their field class - Manipur
Saksham BTRT Training ODISHA
Social Audit VRP Training TAMIL NADU
Way Ahead
◆ GIS Based Integrated Planning made compulsory for 2 GPS in every block. ◆ Integrating MGNREGA and Agriculture for doubling farmer’s income by 2022. ◆ Enhancing Climate Resilience through MGNREGA under a co-benefits approach. ◆ Improving Ground Water Management and Recharge in water-stressed areas. ◆ River Rejuvenation ◆ Rural Haats ◆ Moving from 100 days of wage work to 365 days of Sustainable Livelihood.
Identified GP
Identified GP Map
State District Block
Ponds
59
Ponds
Total No. of Works Expenditure
10
16
112
197
227
Individual Works
Expenditure Rs. 168 Lakh
Legend
Cattle Shed
Soak Pit
NRM works
Expenditure – Rs. 254 Lakh