Gerardo Schneider 1 Gerardo Schneider Software Technology Division - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Gerardo Schneider 1

Gerardo Schneider

Software Technology Division Department of Computer Science and Engineering Chalmers | University of Gothenburg

gersch@chalmers.se http://www.cse.chalmers.se/~gersch/

2012

SEFM’12 School 24-28 Sep 2012 Thessaloniki, Greece

Gerardo Schneider 2

Gerardo Schneider 3

• 1. General introduction
• 2. Background: Deontic Logic
• 3. The formal language CL (syntax, semantics)
• 4. Conflict analysis of CL contracts
• 5. Monitoring contracts
• 6. Conclusion

1.

The AnaCon framework

2.

Challenges and future research directions

(1) (2) (3)

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Gerardo Schneider 4

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 A framework allowing contracts written in

Controlled Natural Language (CNL) to be analyzed for conflicts

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Key elements

 Languages

 CNL  CL

 Framework

 GF

 Analyzer

 CLAN

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* Joint work with Cristian Prisacariu (PhD thesis)

1.

After the Client presents a valid ticket (pt), the Crew is obliged to check the Client’s passport is OK (cp) and then give the boarding pass (gb)

2.

If the Client shows a boarding pass (sb) and the Crew check its validity (cb), then the Crew is forbidden to deliver a boarding pass (gb). If the Crew delivers a boarding pass it should destroy one

• f them (db).

[pt] O(cp.gb) ^ [sb.cb] FO(db)(gb)

 A formal language to specify “contracts”

 Conditional obligations, prohibitions and permissions

• ver complex actions

 CTDs and CTPs

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* Joint work with Cristian Prisacariu (PhD thesis)

 Encoding into the modal mu-calculus

 Useful to show expressiveness

 Kripke-structure semantics

 “The” semantics of the language

 Trace semantics

 Useful for monitoring purposes (useful for CLAN)

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* Joint work with Stephen Fenech and Gordon Pace

[pt] O(cp.gb) ^ [sb.cb] FO(db)(gb) CLAN: Conflict!



Conflict Analyzer for CL

1.

Obliged and forbidden from performing the same action

2.

Permitted and forbidden from performing the same action

3.

Obliged to perform two conflicting actions

4.

Obliged and permitted to perform two conflicting actions



Soundness, completeness, terminatation

 Trace semantics



Counterexample

 Simulation

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• Xerox Research Center Grenoble, 1998
• Aarne Ranta (Univ. of Gothenburg)



A programming language for multilingual grammar applications

 A special-purpose language for grammars, but not restricted to prog.

lang.

 A functional language, but specialized to grammar writing  A natural language processing framework, but based on functional

• prog. and type theory

 A categorial grammar formalism, but different and equipped with

different tools

 A logical framework, but equipped with concrete syntax in addition to

logic



Abstract syntax vs Concrete syntax

 Abstract defines a system of trees  Concrete specifies how trees are realized as strings



GF grammars are reversible

 Linearization (abstract - concrete) and parsing (concrete – abstract)

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 Actions are abstract names in CL, and represent

sentences in NL

 The ground crew opens the check-in desk

subject verb object

 We have all CL action operators: and, choice,

sequences,…

 In our CNL  The verb is important  Free text is delimited with { and }

{the ground crew} opens {the check-in desk}

We follow the Internet recommendation RFC 2119 (for requirement specification)

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 Obligation

{the ground crew} must open {the check-in desk} shall open is required to open

 Permission

{the ground crew} may open {…} it is optional for {the ground crew} to open {…}

 Prohibition {the ground crew} must not open {…}

{the ground crew} shall not open {…}

 Reparations

{the ground crew} must open {…} otherwise {the ground crew} must pay {a fine}

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 We use indentation / bullet lists for conjunction

(both) and choice (either) on clauses

Both

• {the ground crew} must not issue {boarding pass}
• {the ground crew} must not reopen {the check-in

desk}

 CNL representation for most of CL terms

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Once the check-in desk is closed, the ground crew is prohibited from issuing any boarding pass or from reopening the check-in desk. if { the ground crew } closes { the check-in desk } then both

• {the ground crew } must not issue { boarding pass }
• {the ground crew } must not reopen { the check-in desk }

NL Description CNL version (Input file to AnaCon)  AnaCon will generate a “dictionary”  b6: “the ground crew closes the check-in desk”  a4: “the ground crew reopens the check-in desk”  It is possible to add mutually exclusive actions  b6 # a4

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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?> <contract> <clauses> <clause> [b6] (F(a1) ^ F(a4)) </clause> </clauses> <concurrentActions/> <action> b6 # a4</action> <action> b6 # a1</action> <action> a4 # a1</action> </concurrentActions> </contract>

 Intermediates files

 GF abstract syntax

 …

 CL formula

 txt and xml format

 Output of CLAN

 Translated back to CNL

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 Applied to two case studies

 Airline check-in process

[Fenech, Pace & Schneider, 2009]

 Internet Service Provider (ISP) contract [Pace,

Prisacariu & Schneider, 2007]

* K. Angelov, J. Camilleri and G. Schneider. A Framework for Conflict Analysis of Normative Texts Written in CNL. Subbmitted to JLAP, 2012

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• K. Angelov, J. Camilleri and G. Schneider. A Framework for Conflict Analysis
• f Normative Texts Written in CNL. Subbmitted to JLAP, 2012
• S.M. Montazeri, N. Roy, and G. Schneider. From Contracts in Structured

English to CL Specifications. In FLACOS'11, vol 68 of EPTCS, pp 55-69, 2011

• A. Ranta: Grammatical Framework: Programming with Multilingual

Grammar, CSLI Publications, Stanford, 2011 (ISBN-10: 1-57586-626-9)

Questions?