Multi-word expressions in Modern Greek: present and future Anna Α nastassiadis (University of Thessaloniki), AngelikiFotopoulou (ILSP/”Athena” RIC)& Tita Kyriacopoulou (University of Paris-Est, Descartes) Berlin, ICLG12
Multi-word expressions in Modern Greek Terminology EN. idioms, frozen/fixed & semi-fixed/semi-frozen expressions, (set) phrases, formulae, collocations, cranberry collocations, phraseologisms, phraseological units, etc. GR Fixed and semi-fixed expressions, stereotyped expressions, idioms, phrases, expressions, phraseologisms, cooccurrences, collocations etc. ->The definition of phrase/expression is rather confusing. The denomination varies according to the criteria followed in order to define and classify the phrases.
Multi-word expressions in Modern Greek General From phraseology to NLP applications Dictionaries Dictionary of Modern Greek (1998): ΦΡ . -> wide range of fixedness which comprises lexical collocations but also proverbs. Dictionary of Common Greek (M. Triandafyllidis Foundation 1998): distinction between phrase and expression according to their relation with the literal sense. Dictionary of Modern Greek (2014): ΣΥΜΠΛ .-> for multi- word compounds and ΦΡ . -> for idioms.
Multi-word expressions in Modern Greek Anastassiadis-Symeonidis 1986 Nominal expressions Fotopoulou, 1993 Verbal expressions
Multi-word expressions in Modern Greek Select papers Linguistic research : Μότσιου 1987, Moustaki 1995, Fotopoulou 1993, Γαβριηλίδου, Ζ. & Νάκας, Α. 2002, Sfetsiou, 2003, Αναστασιάδη - Συμεωνίδη & Ευθυμίου 2006, Θώμου 2006, Pantazara et al. 2008, Γεωργακόπουλος et al. 2009, Fotopoulou et al. 2009, Φούφη 2012, Fotopoulou et al. 2014 Interdisciplinary (mostly psycholinguistic): Μίνη 2009, Mini et al. 2011, Anastassiadis-Sym é onidis & Voga 2011, Diakogiorgi & Fotopoulou 2012 Computational Linguistics: Gavriilidou 1997, Valetopoulos 2007, Σφέτσιου 2007 , Φωτοπούλου et al. 2008, Linardaki et al. 2010 , Παπαγεωργίου 2011, Μορφοπούλου 2011, Τζιάφα 2012, Ιωαννίδου 2013, Σαμαρίδη 2014, Φούφη 2014, Fotopoulou et al. 2014 Teaching: Αναστασιάδη - Συμεωνίδη & Ευθυμίου 2006, Δημοπούλου 2010, Χέλμη 2011, Θώμου 2014 Monolingual lexicography: Ιορδανίδου 2001 and bilingual: Gavriilidou 1997, Moustaki et al. 2008.
Multi-word expressions in Modern Greek Questions 1) Can multi-word expressions be distinguished from free structures? 2) Is fixedness an absolute or graded concept? Is it entirely or partially expressed? 3) In which grammatical categories do multi-word expressions belong? 4) Does a group of nouns or verbs comprise other sub- categories? 5) Is automatic extraction of multi-word expressions possible? 6) How are multi-word expressions organized in a mental lexicon and how are they processed?
Multi-word expressions in Modern Greek Definitions A multi-word expression is a sequence of words which constitutes a semantic unit in the general language, e.g. μαύρη αγορά /black market , κρέμα γάλακτος / cream or in the scientific and technical vocabulary, e.g. βαρύ ύδωρ / heavy water, αγωγή του πολίτη / citizenship education, κάθομαι σ’αναμμένα κάρβουνα / pins and needles. Compound phonological structure Compound lexical and morphological structure They are formed by more than one words but they constitute a single unit at the semantic level.
Multi-word expressions in Modern Greek There are multi-word structures in all grammatical categories: nominal Compounds,collocations: παιδική χαρά /park, δυνατός καφές/ strong coffee verbal Fixed: κάθομαι σ’ αναμμένα κάρβουνα /pins and needles Collocations, structures with support verbs : τρώω χαστούκια adjectival : καθωσπρέπει adverbial : επί παντός επιστητού /on just about everything Proverbs , sayings, clichés
Multi-word expressions in Modern Greek Nominal multi-word expressions: Αναστασιάδη - Συμεωνίδη 1986, Kyriakopoulou 2011, Φούφη 2014. Proper nouns, the so-called named entities: initialisms and acronyms. Verbal multi-word expressions Fixed expressions, (Fotopoulou 1993, Moustaki 1995, Θώμου 2006 Mini 2009, Dimopoulou 2010 ….) Expressions with support verbs: Fotopoulou 1985, 1992, Τσολάκη 1997, Gavriilidou 2004, Πανταζάρα 2005, Sfetsou , … ) Proverbs ( Τσακνάκη 2005 , Χιώτη 2010), sayings etc. Non-inflected multi-word expressions (see also Αναστασιάδη - Συμεωνίδη & Ευθυμίου 2006) .
Multi-word expressions in Modern Greek Processing axes Vocabulary-Lexicology Morphology (mostly nouns, inflection) Syntax (+ dictionary) -> Interdisciplinary: syntax – phycholinguistics -> Natural Language Processing
Multi-word expressions in Modern Greek Theoretical approaches 1 O. Jespersen in Philosophy of Grammar (1924) was the first to make the distinction between combinational freedom and fixedness According Lexicon-Grammar for the classification of French idioms, by M. Gross (1982), were: 1) the semantic criterion, according to which the meaning of an idiom is not derived from the meaning of its parts, and 2) the lexical – structural criterion, according to which one or more elements of the clause are lexically invariable in relation to the verb. (1a) τα φόρτωσα στον κόκορα [ literally ‘I loaded them on the rooster’] meaning ‘I did not act at all, as I was feeling lazy (1b) *τα φόρτωσα στους κόκορες fixed [ τα φόρτωσα στο κάρο] ‘I loaded them on the car’ Non compositionality – non substitutability
Multi-word expressions in Modern Greek Theoretical approaches 2 (2 ) σκοτείνιασε (το πρόσωπό + η όψη + το χαμόγελο + το βλέμμα + τα μάτια) του (2 α) *σκοτείνιασε το κεφάλι του (2 β) *σκοτείνιασε το μάτι του [his (face + face + smile + gaze + eyes) darkened] Compositionality - non substitutability Transparency - degree of fixedness Gradation in fixedness extends from non-analysable to partially analysable (G. Gross, 1996, Sag et al., 2001).
Multi-word expressions in Modern Greek Theoretical approaches 3 Nunberg et al. (1994) in HPSG (Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar) study the expressions, in priority, from a semantic aspect, they localize many dimensions in a “ prototypical idiom ”, such as conventionality , syntactic restriction, figuration (metaphor, metonymy, hyperbole etc. – proverbiality, etc.). Conventionality , which is then divided into other parameters, is necessary.
Multi-word expressions in Modern Greek Theoretical approaches 4 Construction Grammar (Fillmore et al., 1988): a phrase is idiomatic if the speakers attribute to this phrase a certain meaning. On the other hand, if a person knows only the vocabulary and the grammar of a language, cannot be aware of this phrase or its meaning or if this phrase constitutes a conventional, acceptable phrase. -> it seems that even if the theoretical basis is different, there are common characteristics.
Multi-word expressions in Modern Greek Theoretical approaches - discussion A phrase could be considered as fixed according to a theoretical framework, but according to another it could be less fixed (semi-fixed) or collocation or none of the two, it could be a simple use of the verb. According to Mel’cuk (1995), spill the beans is an idiom, which means that it is a non-analysable sequence, whose meaning is not deducted from the meaning of its constituents. According to Nunberg et al. (1994), spill the beans is an idiomatically combining expression, which means that it has an important degree of analysability.
Multi-word expressions in Modern Greek Fixedness - Degree of fixedness Non compositionality vs compositionality. Transparence vs opacity
Multi-word expressions in Modern Greek Fixedness Fixedness is a graded concept which characterizes all the multi-word expressions. G. Gross, 1996: a sequence of simple words is a multi-word expression when at least one of its syntactic, distributional or semantic properties is not deducted from the properties of its constituents: χωρικά ύδατα /territorial waters * χωρικό ύδωρ /territorial water
Multi-word expressions in Modern Greek Transparency vs opacity1 Types: Transparent multi-word expression: πήρε τον κατήφορο /go downhill, Opaque: την πάτησα /have it bad, With compositional meaning: η ζωή του κρέμεται από μια κλωστή /his life is hanging in the balance Non-compositional meaning: βράσε ρύζι! Transparent multi-word expression: πήρε τον κατήφορο [από τότε που πέθανε η μάνα του] /he went downhill [since his mother died]
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