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Aug 11, 2023 17 likes •181 views

From Lazarus To Theophilus: How Manuscript Digitization Led To The Historical, Chemical, and Technological Understanding of Iron Gall Ink and Its Counterparts Meredith Oliver B.S. Pharmaceutical Sciences Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors

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From Lazarus To Theophilus:

How Manuscript Digitization Led To The Historical, Chemical, and Technological Understanding of Iron Gall Ink and Its Counterparts

Meredith Oliver B.S. Pharmaceutical Sciences Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College Thesis Defense ~ April 23, 2015

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Vercelli, Italy 2013

Fondazione Museo del Tesoro del Duomo

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Multi-Spectral Imaging

http://orgspectroscopyint.blogspot.com/p/basics-of-uv-visible-spectroscopy.html

Purpose:

  • Preserve History
  • Reveal History

Codex A

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Vercelli Book - Ink

Vercelli Book – 10th Century Old English

Anthology

  • 23 religious homilies
  • 6 poems
  • 6 folios are damaged

Ink Fluorescence

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SLIDE 5

Iron Gall Ink

Properties

  • Black
  • Acidic

Ingredients

  • Tannic Acid
  • Iron Sulfate
  • Solvent
  • Binder

http://art-conservation.tumblr.com/post/63647753126/nedcc-lacing-from-iron-gall-ink-deterioration

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SLIDE 6

Fermentation Process

Tannic Acid: Gallotannic Acid Tannin Acylhydrolase Gallic Acid 10 polyphenols 1 polyphenol

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Iron Gall Ink

1) Ink Appearance 2) Fluidity 3) Color Intensity

Tannin Separation

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SLIDE 8

Iron Gall Ink

Gallotannic Acid

  • Homogeneous Ink
  • Exceptional Fluidity
  • Rich Black Pigment

100% Tannic Acid

  • Heterogeneous - Dark

Globular Precipitates

  • Discontinuous Fluidity
  • Faint Color
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SLIDE 9

?

http://www.agilent.com/home http://ipch.yale.edu/x-ray-fluorescence-spectrometer

Technology and Ink Composition

UV-vis Spectrometer Micro-X-ray Fluorescence Multi-Spectral Imaging

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Comparing UV-vis & Multi-Spectral

  • Ink Samples = UV-Vis Spectroscopy
  • Absorbance Data
  • Parchment Samples = Multi-Spectral
  • 360-940 nm – 16 photos
  • Grayscale Values
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Comparing UV-vis & Multi Spectral

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 250 350 450 550 650 750 850 Absorbance Wavelength (nm)

UV-vis Absorbance Multi-Spectral Absorbance Conclusion: Multi-Spectral Imaging System shows promise in revealing information regarding ink’s absorbance capabilities.

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SLIDE 12

Vercelli, Italy 2014

Vercelli Book

ARTAX micro-XRF Multi-Spectral

Imaging

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Micro-XRF : Vercelli Book

Main Element: Calcium (Ca2+)

  • Lack of metal sulfates
  • No significant calcium concentration

decrease in the parchment Evidence suggests ink is plant based:

  • 11th century, tannin based inks
  • Lack iron sulfate component
  • Homogeneous quality – brown color

http://theodoregray.com/periodictable/Tiles/020/s12.JPG

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Theophilus Ink

  • Theophilus Presbyter: German Monk

De Diversis Artibus

  • Dry thorn-tree wood for 2-4 weeks
  • Ferment bark for 8 days in water
  • Repeatedly boil water à thorn bark reduction
  • Wine is added as a secondary solvent
  • “Add a little atramentum” – carbon

http://turba-delirantium.skyrocket.de/biographien/theophilus_presbyter.ht m

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SLIDE 15

Digital Humanities

Interdisciplinary Team

  • Dr. Gregory Heyworth

Keith Knox

  • Dr. Roger Easton

Michael Phelps Ken Boydston Ira Rabin & Oliver Hahn

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SLIDE 16

Questions/Discussion