From Cognition to Emotion: An Overview of OCC Andrew Ortony - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

From Cognition to Emotion: An Overview of OCC

Andrew Ortony

Northwestern University

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* Cognition Individual Attitudes

Ultra-simple Model

Cognitive Foundations Group Attitudes and Social Interactions

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Simple Model

Individual Attitudes Group Attitudes and Social Interactions

Cognition Differentiated Affect Undifferentiated Affect

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Affect . . . .

• has to do with value—valence: positive-negative, good-

bad, beneficial-harmful, etc.

• more general than emotion: includes feelings, moods,

preferences, attitudes, as well as emotions

• can be undifferentiated or differentiated
• simple good-bad, positive-negative feelings
• more complex feelings, elaborated with meaning

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• Everything important in our lives is affectively colored
• Key issue concerns affective or emotional rather than

cognitive foundations

• Most affective coloring has cognitive content or cognitive

antecedents, i.e., it is emotional

• But we can explore the foundational role of cognition in

emotion

• Attitudes are affectively tinged (i.e., evaluative) beliefs

Affect . . . .

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• Attitudes are valenced beliefs—emotional foundations
• Emotions vs. Attitudes
• Feelings vs. dispositions to feel
• Except for “sacred” values, attitudes can change
• Emotions also drive social interactions
• So, we need a theory of the cognition-emotion relation
• Best candidates are “appraisal” theories: emotions

result from appraising (evaluating) events or things

Affect in Attitudes and Social Interaction

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Different appraisal theories, different foci

• Specificity at level of individual emotions
• Serious attention to emotional coping
• Serious attention to emotional intensity
• Serious attention to motivation-emotion connection
• Serious attention to temporal trajectory issues
• Amenable to implementation

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Different appraisal theories, different foci

• e.g., Rainer Reisenzein and Stacy Marsella (and Gratch)
• Reisenzein’s CBDTE: Computational Belief-Desire Theory of

Emotion1 focus on desires (motivation) rather than appraisals (beliefs)

• Gratch & Marsella’s EMA: Emotion and Adaptation2 attends to

change over time

• In computational contexts, most widely used is OCC
• 1. Reisenzein, R. (2009). Emotional experience in the Computational Belief-Desire Theory of Emotion. Emotion Review, 1,

214-222.

• 2. Inspired by Lazarus, as in Smith, C. A., & Lazarus, R. (1990). Emotion and Adaptation. In Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of

Personality: theory and research (pp. 609-637). NY: Guilford Press, and Clark Elliott’s Affective Reasoner, based on OCC.

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Different appraisal theories, different foci: OCC foci

• Specificity at level of individual emotions
• Serious attention to emotional coping
• Serious attention to emotional intensity
• Serious attention to motivation-emotion connection
• Serious attention to temporal trajectory issues
• Amenable to implementation

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So, what is OCC? Andrew Ortony Gerald Clore Allan Collins

The cognitive structure of emotions. New York: Cambridge University Press (1988).

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Who does what, and where, with OCC?

• Formalized in BDI logic – right here in Toulouse!
• Sentiment analysis – Tokyo
• Embodied artificial characters – Eindhoven
• 3D virtual characters – China
• Integrating with WordNet – Trento
• Affect perception in educational software – Greece
• Agents making moral decisions – London
• All sorts of stuff at DFKI – Saarbrücken
• OCC + emotion + DFKI > 6000 hits!
• OCC + emotion > 430,000 hits

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What is an emotion?

• Cognitive-interpretive component appraisal of the world in

self-relevant terms

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• Much disagreement, but three main components
• OCC view:
• Valenced reaction to a construal of environment

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Subjective-Experiential Component

Goals/Wishes/Expectations/ Norms/Standards/Principles/ Tastes/Attitudes

Cognitive-Interpretive Component

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What is an emotion?

• Cognitive-interpretive component appraisal of the world in

self-relevant terms

• Somatic component: ANS and bodily effects

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• Much disagreement, but three main components
• OCC view:
• Valenced reaction to a construal of environment

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Subjective-Experiential Component

Goals/Wishes/Expectations/ Norms/Standards/Principles/ Tastes/Attitudes

Cognitive-Interpretive Component Somatic Component

Shaking/Trembling/ Sweating/Piloerection/ Butterflies

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What is an emotion?

• Cognitive-interpretive component appraisal of the world in

self-relevant terms

• Somatic component: ANS and bodily effects
• Motivational-behavioral component: inclinations to act (or

not), and actual actions (or inactions)

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• Much disagreement, but three main components
• OCC view:
• Valenced reaction to a construal of environment

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Subjective-Experiential Component

Goals/Wishes/Expectations/ Norms/Standards/Principles/ Tastes/Attitudes

Cognitive-Interpretive Component

Motivational-Behavioral Component Urges/Inclinations/Actions/ Facial Expressions/Laughing/ Crying

Somatic Component

Shaking/Trembling/ Sweating/Piloerection/ Butterflies

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Subjective-Experiential Component

Goals/Wishes/Expectations/ Norms/Standards/Principles/ Tastes/Attitudes

Cognitive-Interpretive Component

Motivational-Behavioral Component Urges/Inclinations/Actions/ Facial Expressions/Laughing/ Crying

Somatic Component

Shaking/Trembling/ Sweating/Piloerection/ Butterflies

. . . all interacting . . .

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Subjective-Experiential Component

Goals/Wishes/Expectations/ Norms/Standards/Principles/ Tastes/Attitudes

Cognitive-Interpretive Component

Motivational-Behavioral Component Urges/Inclinations/Actions/ Facial Expressions/Laughing/ Crying

Somatic Component

Shaking/Trembling/ Sweating/Piloerection/ Butterflies

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. . . the subjective-experiential component, the subjective feeling of beliefs, desires, sensations, etc.

. . . all interacting to give . . .

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. . . what we think of as the experienced emotion. . .

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Subjective-Experiential Component

Goals/Wishes/Expectations/ Norms/Standards/Principles/ Tastes/Attitudes

Cognitive-Interpretive Component

Motivational-Behavioral Component Urges/Inclinations/Actions/ Facial Expressions/Laughing/ Crying

Somatic Component

Shaking/Trembling/ Sweating/Piloerection/ Butterflies

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Subjective-Experiential Component

Goals/Wishes/Expectations/ Norms/Standards/Principles/ Tastes/Attitudes

Cognitive-Interpretive Component

• OCC is about the cognitive-interpretive component
• appraisal of the world in self-relevant terms
• mental representations that underlie emotions
• factors that influence intensity

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• different kinds of concerns relate to different kinds of

representations

• goals, standards, tastes
• “cognitive” does not mean conscious

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OCC main claims

• different kinds of representations underlie (three)

different classes of emotions

• motivational (goals), moral (standards), aesthetic (tastes)
• people appraise the world in terms of their concerns
• my concerns ≠ your concerns
• start with appraisals, not emotion words
• emotion intensity must be taken seriously

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Overall structure of emotion types

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appraised in terms of

joy distress hope fear relief disappointment etc. _____________ GOAL-BASED EMOTIONS anger gratitude gratification remorse etc. _____________ COMPOUND EMOTIONS pride shame admiration reproach etc. _____________ NORM-BASED EMOTIONS love hate etc. _____________ TASTE-BASED EMOTIONS

EVENTS, AGENTS, OR OBJECTS

elicitors

representations

emotions

desirability praiseworthiness appealingness goals (for events) norms/standards (for agents’ actions) tastes/attitudes (for objects)

criteria

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The least cognitively differentiated group

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HOPE EMOTIONS TYPE SPECIFICATION: (pleased about) the prospect of a desirable event TOKENS: anticipatory excitement, looking forward to, hope, etc. VARIABLES AFFECTING INTENSITY: (1) the desirability of the event (2) The likelihood of the event

IF PROSPECT(p, e, t) AND DESIRE (p, e, t) > 0 THEN set HOPE-POTENTIAL (p, e, t) = f(|DESIRE (p, e, t)| , LIKELIHOOD (p, e, t)) IF HOPE-POTENTIAL (p, e, t) > HOPE-THRESHOLD (p, t) THEN set HOPE-INTENSITY (p, e, t) = HOPE-POTENTIAL (p, e, t) – HOPE-THRESHOLD (p, t)

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DISAPPOINTMENT EMOTIONS TYPE SPECIFICATION: (displeased about) the disconfirmation of the prospect of a desirable event (i.e., a bad feeling about something potentially positive that didn’t transpire) TOKENS: dashed hopes, despair, disappointment, frustration, heartbroken, etc. VARIABLES AFFECTING INTENSITY: (1) the intensity of the attendant hope emotion (2) the effort expended in trying to attain the event (3) the degree to which the event was realized

IF HOPE (p, e, t) > 0 AND BELIEVE (p, not (e), t2) THEN set DISAPPOINTMENT-POTENTIAL (p, e, t2) = f(|HOPE (p, e, t), EFFORT (p, e), REALIZATION (e, t2), Ig (p, e, t2)|) IF DISAPPOINTMENT-POTENTIAL (p, e, t2) > DISAPPOINTMENT-THRESHOLD (p, t2) THEN set DISAPPOINTMENT-INTENSITY (p, e, t2) = DISAPPOINTMENT-POTENTIAL (p, e, t2) – DISAPPOINTMENT-THRESHOLD (p, t2)

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Ultimately, emotions are different ways of feeling good or bad, for example: *

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feeling good about . . . feeling bad about . . .

… something positive (pleased, etc.) … someone/thing appealing or attractive (liking, loving) … something negative (displeased, etc.)

t a s t e s

… someone/thing unappealing or unattractive (disliking, hating)

b a s i c

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feeling good about . . . feeling bad about . . .

… something positive (pleased, etc.) … something potentially positive (hope) … something potentially negative that didn’t transpire(relief) … someone/thing appealing or attractive (liking, loving) … something negative (displeased, etc.) … something potentially negative (fear, anxiety, etc.) … something potentially positive that didn’t transpire (disappointment)

g

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l s t a s t e s

… someone/thing unappealing or unattractive (disliking, hating)

b a s i c

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feeling good about . . . feeling bad about . . .

… something positive (pleased, etc.) … something potentially positive (hope) … something potentially negative that didn’t transpire(relief) … a self-initiated praiseworthy act (pride, gratification) … an other-initiated praiseworthy act (gratitude, admiration) … someone/thing appealing or attractive (liking, loving) … something negative (displeased, etc.) … something potentially negative (fear, anxiety, etc.) … something potentially positive that didn’t transpire (disappointment) … a self-initiated blameworthy act (remorse, self-anger, shame, etc.) … an other-initiated blameworthy act (anger, reproach, etc.)

g

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l s t a s t e s

… someone/thing unappealing or unattractive (disliking, hating)

b a s i c s t a n d a r d s

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Intensity

• OCC proposes two kinds of intensity variables
• Global: Can affect the intensity of any emotion, e.g.,
• sense of reality
• surprisingness
• Local: Only affect the intensity of particular emotion groups, e.g.,
• event likelihood (prospect-based emotions)
• deservingness (fortunes-of-others)

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Some Final Thoughts

• Notion of basic emotions not helpful (feeling good or bad)
• Surprisingness not a basic emotion, not an emotion at all
• not intrinsically valenced
• it can affect the intensity of all emotions
• what effects its own intensity?
• Interesting questions about individual differences
• before, during, and after an emotion

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• Front end: Different construals of the world
• some perceive threat were others don’t
• some perceive humor where others perceive insult
• different sensitivities to cues for punishment and reward

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• During: Different likelihoods of emotional experience

and intensity

• people differ in emotional volatility
• different thresholds for emotional experience
• Back end: Emotion regulation and coping
• people differ in their ability to mange their emotions
• people differ in their ability to manage the emotion-inducing

situation

Individual differences before, during, and after

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Thank You

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