Reducing your Risk of Heart Disease Webinar Series Following your Treatment Plan to Reduce your Risk of a Second Event Created with an educational grant from: Part 2 April 18, 2019
Presenters • Andrea Baer, MS, BCPA – Director of Patient Advocacy and Program Management, Mended Hearts and Mended Little Hearts. Andrea is also a mom to a 10 year old son with Congenital Heart Disease. • Dr. Seth Martin - a core faculty member with the Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Director of the Advanced Lipid Disorders Center. Dr. Martin also serves as an Associate Faculty member in the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research and an Affiliate Faculty in the Malone Center for Engineering in Healthcare. • Patrick Farrant – Vice-President of Mended Hearts, Executive Vice-President Elect for Mended Hearts. Patrick has served as local chapter treasurer, vice president and president. Nationally, he has served as Assistant Regional Director for the Western Region. He has also served two terms as Regional Director for the Western Region and is serving his second term as National Vice President.
About • Mended Hearts is the largest peer-to-peer support Mended network in the world. Hearts • Mended Hearts mission is: “To inspire hope and improve the quality of life of heart patients and their families through on-going peer-to- peer support, education, and advocacy”. • 285 Chapters across the country serving over 460 hospitals.
About the ASPC • The American Society for Preventive Cardiology mission statement is: “To promote the prevention of cardiovascular disease, advocate for the preservation of cardiovascular health, and disseminate high- quality, evidence-based information through the education of healthcare clinicians and their patients”.
Following Your Treatment Pla lan to Reduce Your Ris isk nd Event of a 2 nd Seth S. Martin, MD, MHS, FACC, FAHA, FASPC Associate Professor of Medicine - Cardiology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Firm Faculty, Janeway Firm, Osler Medical Residency Director, Advanced Lipid Disorders Program, Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
The ABCDE Approach Antiplatelet/Anticoagulant A B Blood Pressure C Cigarettes/Cholesterol Diabetes Prevention D Diet/Weight E Exercise/Education
Antiplatelet • Aspirin 81-162 mg/day indefinitely [Class I]. • Clopidogrel, prasugrel, or ticagrelor (i.e., P2Y12 inhibitor) in addition to aspirin after PCI [Class I]. • If bare- metal stent, P2Y12 inhibitors should be taken for ≥1 month [Class I]. • If drug- eluting stent, P2Y12 inhibitors for ≥1 year [Class I]. • If on dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), use aspirin 81 mg/day [Class I]. • If no PCI was performed after an ACS event, either clopidogrel or ticagrelor should be used. • Do not use prasugrel if history of stroke or TIA [Class III]. Caution in those over 70 years of age. • Aspirin 81 to 325 mg/day or clopidogrel for all patients following a non-cardioembolic ischemic stroke [Class I].
BP Thresholds & Recommendations for Rx x & Foll llow-Up BP thresholds and recommendations for treatment and follow-up Normal BP Elevated BP Stage 1 hypertension Stage 2 hypertension (BP <120/80 (BP 120 – 129/<80 (BP 130 – 139/80-89 ( BP ≥ 140/90 mm Hg) mm Hg) mm Hg) mm Hg) Clinical ASCVD Nonpharmacologic Promote optimal or estimated 10-y CVD risk therapy lifestyle habits ≥ 10%* (Class I) No Yes Nonpharmacologic Nonpharmacologic therapy Reassess in Reassess in Nonpharmacologic therapy and and 1 y 3 – 6 mo therapy BP-lowering medication BP-lowering medication † (Class IIa) (Class I) (Class I) (Class I) (Class I) – 2017 ACC/AHA Hypertension Guidelines –
Nonpharmacological In Interventions COR LOE Weight loss recommended to reduce BP in adults with I A elevated BP who are overweight or obese. A heart-healthy diet, such as the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet, that facilitates I A achieving a desirable weight is recommended for adults with elevated BP. Sodium reduction is recommended for adults with I A elevated BP. Potassium supplementation, preferably in dietary modification, is recommended for adults with elevated I A BP unless contraindicated by presence of CKD or use of drugs that reduce potassium excretion. 2017 ACC/AHA Hypertension Guidelines
Nonpharmacological In Interventions COR LOE Increased physical activity with a structured I A exercise program is recommended for adults with elevated BP or hypertension. Adult men & women with elevated BP or hypertension who currently consume alcohol should I A be advised to drink no more than 2 & 1 standard drinks* per day, respectively. *In U.S., 1 “standard” drink contains roughly 14 g of pure alcohol, which is typically found in 12 oz of regular beer (usually ~5% alcohol), 5 oz of wine (usually ~12% alcohol), & 1.5 oz of distilled spirits (usually ~40% alcohol). 2017 ACC/AHA Hypertension Guidelines
BP Rx Threshold & Use of f CVD Risk Estimation to Guide Drug Rx of Hypertension COR LOE Use of BP-lowering meds recommended for SBP: secondary prevention of recurrent CVD A events in patients with clinical CVD & I average SBP >130 mm Hg or DBP >80 mm Hg, & for primary prevention in adults with an DBP: estimated 10-yr ASCVD risk of >10% & an C-EO average SBP >130 mm Hg or DBP >80. 2017 ACC/AHA Hypertension Guidelines
• Step 1: Properly prepare the patient COR LOE • Step 2: Use proper technique for For diagnosis and BP measurements • Step 3: Take the proper management of high BP, measurements needed for dx & Rx proper methods are of elevated BP/hypertension recommended for I C-EO • Step 4: Properly document accurate BP readings accurate measurement • Step 5: Average the readings and documentation of • Step 6: Provide BP readings to BP. patient Accurate Measurement of f BP in in 2017 ACC/AHA Hypertension Guidelines the Offi fice
LDL cholesterol and benefit in in cli linical tri rials 30 4S - Placebo 25 Rx - Statin therapy Secondary Prevention PRA – pravastatin ATV - atorvastatin 4S - Rx 20 LIPID - Placebo 15 CARE - Placebo LIPID - Rx TNT CARE - Rx Primary Prevention HPS - Placebo HPS - Rx TNT – ATV10 10 PROVE-IT - PRA WOSCOPS – Placebo TNT – ATV80 PROVE-IT – ATV AFCAPS - Placebo 6 5 AFCAPS - Rx WOSCOPS - Rx JUPITER ASCOT - Placebo ASCOT - Rx 0 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 (1.0) (1.6) (2.1) (2.6) (3.1) (3.6) (4.1) (4.7) (5.2) LDL-C achieved mg/dL (mmol/L) Adapted from Rosensen RS. Exp Opin Emerg Drugs 2004; 9 (2):269-279 LaRosa JC et al. N Engl J Med 2005; 352 :e-version
Cholesterol Treatment Trialists (CTT) Collaboration • RCTs of statin Rx • ≥ 2 year follow -up • ≥ 1,000 patients • 26 RCTs, 170,000 individuals • 25,000 major vascular events • Statin vs. no statin • Average LDL-reduction 1 mmol/L (~40 mg/dL) • High-intensity vs. lower-intensity • Average LDL-reduction 0.5 mmol/L (~20 mg/dL) CTT collaboration. Am J Cardiol 1995;75:1130-34 CTT collaboration. Lancet 2010;376:1670 Collins et al. Lancet 2016;388:2532-61
Proportional yearly risk reduction per mmol/L reduction in LDL-C CTT collaboration. Lancet 2010;376:1670 Collins et al. Lancet 2016;388:2532-61
2018 AHA/ACC Cholesterol Guidelines
In patients with clinical ASCVD, reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with high-intensity statin therapy or maximally tolerated statin therapy. The more LDL-C is reduced on statin therapy, the greater will be subsequent risk reduction. Use a maximally tolerated statin to lower LDL- C levels by ≥50%. 2018 AHA/ACC Cholesterol Guidelines
In very high-risk ASCVD, use a LDL-C threshold of 70 mg/dL to consider addition of nonstatins to statin therapy. • Very high -risk includes a history of multiple major ASCVD events or 1 major ASCVD event and multiple high-risk conditions. • In very high -risk ASCVD patients, it is reasonable to add ezetimibe to maximally tolerated statin therapy when the LDL- C level remains ≥70 mg/dL (≥1.8 mmol/L). • In patients at very high risk whose LDL - C level remains ≥70 mg/ dL (≥1.8 mmol/L) on maximally tolerated statin and ezetimibe therapy, adding a PCSK9 inhibitor is reasonable, although the long-term safety (>3 years) is uncertain and cost- effectiveness is low at mid-2018 list prices. 2018 AHA/ACC Cholesterol Guidelines
Implementation
Das et al. JACC 2018
AHA A Nutri riti tion on Committee ee Dietar ary y Recommendati endations ons • Balance calorie intake & physical activity to achieve healthy weight • Diet rich in fruits & vegetables, whole-grain, high-fiber foods • Consume fish > 2 x/ week • Limit saturated fat to <7% of energy, & cholesterol <300 mg/day by: – Choosing lean meat & vegetable alternatives – Fat free (skim) or low-fat dairy products, – Minimizing partially hydrogenated/trans fats • Minimize beverages & foods with added sugar • Choose & prepare foods with little or no salt • If alcohol is consumed, do so in moderation
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