Feeding the brood bitch and her puppies A. Kate Shoveller, PhD Center - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Feeding the brood bitch and her puppies

• A. Kate Shoveller, PhD

Center for Nutrition Modeling

Agenda

• Reminder Proper nutrient supply starts before

conception

• Reminder Breeding bitch to puppy how to feed

to produce an optimum development and learning

• Transition to feeding adult dogs and

considerations for your feeding management

Management of the brood bitch starts prior to breeding

Health Status

• Physical examination
• Vaccinations
• Clear of parasites

Body Condition

• Ideal body score*
• Ideal or maximum

muscle condition score

• Daily exercise*

Body condition score

1 Thin 2 Underweight 3 Ideal 4 Overweight 5 Obese

Under-conditioning before or during pregnancy may result in:

• Poor puppy development
• Difficulty with weight during

lactation and being prepared for next litter

• Slight fat covering over the ribs and pelvis
• Good muscling that is maintained through

exercise Over conditioning before or during pregnancy may result in:

• Difficulty whelping
• Reduced feed intake during lactation

resulting in poor milk production and difficulty being prepared for next litter

• Potentially long term decifits in the

puppies

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

% Maintenance Requirement*

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Maintenance 150% 200% 300% 200% 250% 125% Gestation (Weeks) Lactation (Weeks) Whelp Wean

How much to feed?

* Expressed on an energy basis

Fetal growth

50 100 150 200 250 300 Weight (grams)

Protein , EFA & B-Complex Vitamins Protein, EFA & Glucose Protein, EFA, Glucose & Minerals

26 28 30 32 34 36 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 GestationalAge (days)

Sources of Fatty Acids

• Linolenic acid (18:3n-3)

– Flaxseed oil – Soybean oil – Canola oil

• Linoleic acid (18:2n-6)

– Safflower oil – Sunflower oil – Corn oil – Flaxseed oil

• Also called linseed oil
• Long-chain PUFA

– EPA (20:5n-3) – DPA (22:5n-3) – DHA (22:6n-3)

• Fish/marine oils

– Can be highly

Effect of maternal essential fatty acid depletion on number of litters

1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 CTL 1 2 3 4 5 EFA Status

Number of Litters

Effect of reproduction on maternal EFA

40 60 80 100 120 Relative EFA % Breeding 6 Weeks Pregnant Whelp 4 Weeks Lactation Weaning

Desirable Undesirable

Pre-breeding

Positive benefits of optimal n-6: n-3 ratio

• n maternal EFA status

70 80 90 100 110 120

EFA Status

Breeding 6 Weeks Pregnant Whelp 4 Weeks Lactation Weaning Pre-breeding

• mega-6:3 ratio of 5:1
• mega-6:3 ratio of 20:1

Effect of maternal dietary fatty acids on neonatal EFA status

1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 P14 P28 W0

EFA Index

Age of Puppy

Low Med High

b a c b a c b a c

Effect of maternal dietary fatty acids on neonatal DHA

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 P14 P28 W0

DHA

Age of Puppy

Low Med High

b a c b a c b a c

DHA improved brain development

JAVMA, Vol 241, No 5, September 1, 2012

Optimal diet for the lactating bitch

Energy Density 4400 kcal ME/kg or greater Fat Protein Carbohydrate Fiber Omega-6:Omega-3 Fatty acid ratio

* Label values for guaranteed analysis will be a minimum of 20% fat and 30% protein

45% of calories* 27% of calories* 28% of calories <3%, moderately fermentablefiber source between 5:1 and 10:1

FISH MEAL or FISH OIL Meat? By-product meal? Vegetable? Barley? Wheat? Rice Ancient grains? Potatoes? Sweet potatoes? Beet pulp, fructo-oligosacchardies, mannano-oligosaccharides FISH MEAL or FISH OIL

The pups

• Solid food should start between 3 and 5

weeks of age

• Use bitch’s performance food
• Mix with water to gruel consistency and

gradually increase

• Solid food 100% at about 42 days of age

The pups

• It is fine to feed any breed the “performance”

food or other high calorie food up to weaning

• Large breeds should go on a special food

designed for large breed puppies after weaning

• D not use a Large Breed Puppy food

to feed the pregnant dam!

Optimal diet for the post weaned puppy

Energy Density Fat >35% f l i * Protein Carbohydrate Fiber Omega-6:Omega-3 Fatty acid ratio

* Label values for guaranteed analysis will be a minimum of 10% fat and 20% protein

~4000 kcal ME/kg

• ca or es

>20% of calories* 20-30% of calories >3%-5%, moderately fermentablefiber source between 5:1 and 10:1

FISH MEAL or FISH OIL Meat? By-product meal? Vegetable? Barley? Wheat? Rice? Ancient grains? Potatoes? Sweet potatoes? Beet pulp, fructo-oligosacchardies, mannano-oligosaccharides FISH MEAL or FISH OIL

Protein (g) 93 106 115 124 Fat (g) 63 67.5 67 84 Calcium (mg) 3500 3563 3509 4700 Phosphorus (mg) 2900 3080 3305 3850 Ca:P (ratio) 1.2:1 1.15:1 1.05:1 1.2:1

The problem with diet supplements

ALTERED BY ADDITION OF

Based on the average analysis a commercial premium diet guaranteed to contain 30% protein, 20% fat and 4452 kcal ME.

Amount of Nutrient ½ cup 100 gram Provided by Feeding Cottage 3 oz. More Nutrient 300 grams of Dry Diet Cheese Beef Liver Dry Diet

Bringing it together, nutritional management

• Opportunity to track animals over time and

make nutrition changes to match their lifestyle

• Key to nutritional management of puppies for

a long healthy life is to keep them optimal

• Other nutritional factors to consider: n3 fatty

acids from marine based ingredients, mitochondrial cofactors such as L-carnitine, and antioxidants

“Quarreling over food and drink, having neither scruples nor shame, not knowing right from wrong, not trying to avoid death or injury, not fearful of greater strength or of greater numbers, greedily aware only of food an drink- such is the bravery of the dog an the boar.”

Xun Zi

Intellectual Property Scientific Dishonesty Objectivity in Research jectivity inthe Media Avoiding anthropomorphism

What is real?

Ob

Wh What are ingredients used for?

• Remember that animals utilize NUTRIENTS

What matters is: – Individual nutrient requirements of animals – Nutrient content of feed ingredients

BUT, when do these really matter?

Ingredient quality

• Nutrient composition and is processed to

address:

• Presence of anti-nutritional factors
• Presence of contaminants or bacteria
• Processing employed can affect:
• Digestibility
• Palatability and food intake

Ingredient regulations:

• Ingredientsused must be AAFCO officiallydefined

animal feed ingredients,be approvedfood additives (via formal FDA-CVM review) or be considered GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) by the FDA.

• Many regulators will reject product registration

requests if they find unapproved ingredients in the ingredient list.

Why do we cook the food then?

Why do we cook the food then?

Rendering destroys bacteria of food safety concern

Bacteria Raw Tissue Rendered Clostridium perfingens 71% 0% Listeria species 76% 0%

• L. Monocytogenes

8% 0% Campylobacter species 30% 0%

• C. Jejuni

20% 0% Salmonella species 85% 0%

MEAL MEAT PRO PRO Stable and sanitary Ease of handling, storing and shipping Versatility Allergens! High protein, low ash Consumer perception/marketing High palatability Con Con Lost of allergens! Consumer perception Lower palatability Hard to store Special feed processing A lot of bacteria $$$$$$$$$$$$

No added fat or fresh meat 1.00 Premixing added fat 2.13 Fat added to extruder 5.58

Effects of palatability enhancersand point of introduction

Ingredient and process Palatability index conditions

But why do we need to provide a highly palatable food? Should we? When do we need a more palatable food and when do we need less palatable food?

Fresh meat and fat added to the 11.35 extruder

Home-made vs. commercial dog food

Streiff et al, J. Nutr 132: 1698S.

Nutrient Fat (%) Protein (%) Ca (%) P (%) Ca:P Vitamin D (IU/kg) Vitamin A (IU/kg) Vitamin E (IU/kg) Home made

21.1 33 0.47 0.46 0.82 332 5209 19.25

Commercial

16.1 25.9 1.39 1.13 1.26 974 19131 187

AAFCO levels

5.0 18 0.6-2.5 0.5-1.6 1.0-2.0 500-5 000 5 000-25 000 50 – 1 000

Emerging pet food brands, my concern

Protein (%) Fat (%) Canine Growth

32.6 16.9

Canine Maintenance

28.6 12.4

Feline Growth

36.6 17.1

Feline Maintenance

31.15 15.00

P-Value

0.77 0.46

Protein (%) Fat (%) Canine Growth

22 8.5

Canine Maintenance

18 5.5

Feline Growth

30 9

Feline Maintenance

26 9

How can I manage my pet through her lifetime?

• Body condition and body measurements
• Stress and activity: See Candace
• Managing how and when you feed
• Managing what you feed
• Human food? Should you feed your dog

anything other than dog food?

Body condition score

1 Thin 2 Underweight 3 Ideal 4 Overweight 5 Obese

Under-conditioning before or during pregnancy may result in:

• Poor puppy development
• Difficulty with weight during

lactation and being prepared for next litter

• Slight fat covering over the ribs and pelvis
• Good muscling that is maintained through

exercise Over conditioning before or during pregnancy may result in:

• Difficulty whelping
• Reduced feed intake during lactation

resulting in poor milk production and difficulty being prepared for next litter

• Potentially long term decifits in the

puppies

How can I manage my pet through her lifetime?

• Body condition and body measurements
• Stress and activity: See Candace
• Managing how and when you feed
• Managing what you feed
• Human food? Should you feed your dog

anything other than dog food?

How can I manage my pet through her lifetime?

• Body condition and body measurements
• Stress and activity: See Candace
• Managing how and when you feed
• Managing what you feed
• Human food? Should you feed your dog

anything other than dog food?

The case of Ben and Olive:

• yr old rescue, mixed breed but rescued from Northern Ontario
• Runs, bikes and walks daily to dissipate energy
• Alone for ~8 hrs a day
• We redirected her chewing with a series of chew toys she was

highly motivated to interact with during the day

• WHAT would you feed her?
• WHEN would you feed her?

Al Alternative feeding times? When do you want to feed a number of times and when do you want to feed fewer times a day?

How can I manage my pet through her lifetime?

• Body condition and body measurements
• Stress and activity: See Candace
• Managing how and when you feed
• Human food? Should you feed your dog

anything other than dog food?

• Managing what you feed

How can I manage my pet through her lifetime?

• Body condition and body measurements
• Stress and activity: See Candace
• Managing how and when you feed
• Human food? Should you feed your dog

anything other than dog food?

• Managing what you feed

What food do I recommend ?

Which brand should I feed? How much protein is the best? How much fat is the best? Are carbohydrates bad? All life stages or a specific one? Which ingredients are the best? Organic? Grain-free? Venison vs. chicken?

It depends

Other potential avenues to consider in your management

Do not forget there are other things that are interesting to consider