Exposition Paths of Neonicotinoids Hedwig Riebe, DBIB Paris, - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Exposition Paths of Neonicotinoids Hedwig Riebe, DBIB Paris, - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Observations 2009 Exposition Paths of Neonicotinoids Hedwig Riebe, DBIB Paris, 10.12.2009 Wintering problems as acute symptoms Recommendation for nucs 15 years ago: 30 % Nuc recommendation 2009: 100 % Exposition paths of

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Exposition Paths

  • f

Neonicotinoids

Hedwig Riebe, DBIB Paris, 10.12.2009

Observations 2009

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

2 / 10.12.09

Wintering problems as acute symptoms

  • Recommendation for nucs

15 years ago: 30 %

  • Nuc recommendation 2009:

100 %

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

3 / 10.12.09

Possible Causes?

  • Pollen and nectar contamination (sublethal

doses)

  • Increase of neonicotinoid usage in

agriculture

  • Guttation Drops as possible cause in

discussion in Germany since beginning of 2009

  • Exposure to neonics through other water

sources

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

4 / 10.12.09

Activities in Germany regarding guttation/water/clothi in 2009

  • Feb.: Girolami
  • Apr.: Call for pictures of drinking bees
  • May: guttating crops
  • July: Presentation at BVL
  • Aug.: Viewed Poncho files
  • Sep.: Presentation at Agric. Ministry
  • Oct.: Tests of canola guttation
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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

5 / 10.12.09

Guttation ./. Dew

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

6 / 10.12.09

Guttation ./. Dew – 2 hours later

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

7 / 10.12.09

Plant sap & Seed coating

  • Xylem =

Water from roots to leaves

  • Phloem =

Water from leaves downwards

  • Seed coating =

Poison dissolves in water, dissolves in dressing zone, absorbed through roots and distributed in entire plant

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

8 / 10.12.09

Guttation Droplets

  • Guttation droplets = Xylem

Minerals, proteins, sugars Minerals, proteins, sugars, Insecticide, Fungicide

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

9 / 10.12.09

Studies / thesis / publications

  • Doc. Thesis Michael Schneider, 1988:

„Aufnahme von (14C) Triadimenol über Korn und Wurzel nach Flüssigbeizung von Wintergerste: Einfluss von Bodenfeuchte und Saattermin auf Radioaktivitätsverteilung und Wirkstoffgehalt in Pflanze und Boden“

  • Doc. Thesis. Ulrike Stein-Döneke, 1993:

„Beizhofausbildung, Aufnahme, Translokation und Wirkung von [14C]Imidacloprid bei Winterweizen und Zuckerrüben nach Saatgutbehandlung und unter dem Einfluss verschiedener Bodenfeuchten“ (Infuence of soil moisture on the formation of dressing zones and uptake of imidacloprid after seed treatment

  • f winter wheat)
  • Hughes R. N., Brimblecombe P., 1994:

„Dew and guttation: formation and environmental significance“

  • Guttation water content 1966; various studies mentioning

guttation referenced in thesis

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

10 / 10.12.09

A few facts about guttation

  • Not limited to a specific time of year or

specific groups of plants

– Spring (observed) – Summer (observed) – Fall (observed, also Doc. The. Schneider) – Winter ? (unless frozen)

(guttation observed on Dec. 9, 2009)

– Guttation and dew available for at least two hours in the morning (Pub. UK)

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

11 / 10.12.09

Water requirements of bees

  • Why water in the morning??

– Dilution of honey/nectar to feed larvae – Water reserve against ‚thirst‘ after heating at night – High water demand by nurse bees digesting pollen for jelly production (average water content is 67 %)

Water homeostasis in bees, with the emphasis von sociality ,

  • S. W. Nicolson, Journal of Experimental Biology 212, Feb. 2009
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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

12 / 10.12.09

Observations 2009

  • Neonicotinoid seed coatings

– Exposure of bees – (Sublethale Effects)

  • Exposition in non-relevant crops
  • Brood damage through blossom

treatments?

  • Residues in honeys after blossom

treatments

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

13 / 10.12.09

Known danger?

  • Doc. The. USD, p. 149:

„Es gilt zu prüfen, inwieweit die Wirkstoffausscheidung mit der Guttation neben einem Wirkungsverlust für die Pflanze auch eine Gefährdung von Nützlingen wie Marienkäfer und Bienen darstellen kann, da diese die Guttationstropfen als Wasserquelle nutzen (Poehling, 1992; Schmidt, 1992b).“

„It still needs to be tested in how far the loss of a. i. through guttation poses a danger to beneficial insects like ladybugs and bees, because they use guttation drops as a water source (oral communication, Poehling, 1992; Schmidt, 1992b).“

Poehling, M.-H. (1992): Pers. Mitteilung. Institut für Pflanzenpathologie und Pflanzenschutz, Universität Göttingen Schmidt, H.-W. (1992b): Pers. Mitteilung. Bayer AG, Geschäftsbereich Pflanzenschutz, Entwicklung/Insektizide, 5090 Leverkusen, Bayerwerk.

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

14 / 10.12.09

Documentation of Guttation

  • 1 beekeeper
  • 1 canola field
  • 2 apiaries
  • Small digital camera
  • Location: northern area of county

Düren, Germany

  • 85 % agricultural use
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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

15 / 10.12.09

Canola field & surroundings

SugB SugB Pota Pota Pota Cer Cer Cer Cer Cer Pota

8 ha Canola

Corn Pota

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

16 / 10.12.09

Everything‘s guttating!

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

17 / 10.12.09

Some observations ...

  • Water puddle, but bees collect

guttation drops as long as available

  • Bees prefer sunny spots for water

collection

  • Water collectors in sunny field seam

strips up to 40 m from hives

  • Dew in shaded spots (driving lanes) still

available after everything else dries

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

18 / 10.12.09

Bee drinking guttation drop

They do drink it!

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

19 / 10.12.09

Everything‘s guttating: Canola

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

20 / 10.12.09

Everything‘s guttating: Sugar Beet

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

21 / 10.12.09

Everything‘s guttating: Potatoes

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

22 / 10.12.09

Everything‘s guttating: Cereals

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

23 / 10.12.09

Everything‘s guttating: Corn

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

24 / 10.12.09

Active Ingredients

  • Per sugar beet seed 0,9 mg

Neonicotiniode (Poncho Beta+)

  • Per Corn seed 0,5 mg Neonicotinoid

(PONCHO) resp. 1,25 mg (PONCHO PRO)

  • Main distribution in top 5 cm of soil

with r = 5-6 cm around plant

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

25 / 10.12.09

Dressing zones

  • Bilder USD

80 % in top fraction

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

26 / 10.12.09

Concentration of seed coating

  • Concentration in first few drops acc.

USD 0,3 % of total a.i. per seed

  • Higher concentration of a.i. in leaf tips

(and thus in guttation drops) than compared to rest of plant and xylem

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

27 / 10.12.09

Distribution

  • f A. I.

Makroautoradiographie wheat plant (45 days after seeding)

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

28 / 10.12.09

Distribution

  • f A. I.

Makroautoradiog- raphie of sugar beet plant in 6-leaves stage (32 days after seeding)

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

29 / 10.12.09

Bon appetit!

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

30 / 10.12.09

Weeds in dressing zones

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

31 / 10.12.09

Weeds in Corn

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

32 / 10.12.09

Long term poisoning effects

  • Concentration of a. i. in guttation droplets in

fall and spring?

  • Which concentrations in the different crops?
  • Potatoes, salads, other plants?
  • How much a. i. remains in soil and becomes

available later on, e. g. fertilizer plants like ‚Senf‘ (sinapis alba)?

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

33 / 10.12.09

Seed coating expositon

  • Guttation droplets of crops

– Direct consumption of drops by bees – Dried and re-soluted remains of guttation drops

  • n leaf surfaces
  • „Leaching“
  • Water collection from soil in dressing zone,

eventually increased by fallen guttation droplets?

  • Guttation of weeds growing in dressing zones
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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

34 / 10.12.09

Guttating Canola

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

35 / 10.12.09

Dried residues of guttation droplets

  • Bild Girolami
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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

36 / 10.12.09

Guttating Cereals

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

37 / 10.12.09

Dried residues of ? on potatoes – Pesticide Spray?

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

38 / 10.12.09

Dew as water source

  • Especially in areas with intensive agriculture

guttation drops and dew are the most important water sources in the morning

  • A. I. dangerous for bees may be used on

crops, which are not attractive for bee foraging

  • Danger of transfer from leaf (phloem) to dew

(or rain) on leaf = „Leaching“ (Diss. Schneider)

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

39 / 10.12.09

„Hoover-Biene“

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

40 / 10.12.09

Dew as water source

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

41 / 10.12.09

Water collector on soil

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

42 / 10.12.09

7:30 h in the morning, at the hive

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

43 / 10.12.09

Noon 12:20 h, in front of the hive

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

44 / 10.12.09

Noon 12:21 h, in front of the hive

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

45 / 10.12.09

Relevance

  • Why dead bees?
  • How many water collectors does a hive

lose?

  • „Der Herr schickt den Gockel aus …“

Research required!!!

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

46 / 10.12.09

Bee loss per hive

  • Daily loss in Canola: 1.500 bees
  • „what does it matter, if 200 more die?“

+ 13 % - daily

  • Continuous weakening of hive!
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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

47 / 10.12.09

Dew & „Leaching“

  • Transfer of a. i. from leaf to dew

possible (acc. to Doc.Th. Schneider)

– Neonicotinoids (seed coating) – Other insecticides (seed coatings) – Topical sprays from previous day?

  • Italian results: Leaching + Dew or

a mix of guttation & dew?

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

48 / 10.12.09

Additional exposition paths of neonics through water

  • Lost seeds in puddles
  • Washed out seeds
  • Puddles in driving lanes
  • Puddles between potato dams
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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

49 / 10.12.09

Lost seeds in puddles

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

50 / 10.12.09

Washed out seeds

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

51 / 10.12.09

Puddles in driving lanes

... available all day long

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

52 / 10.12.09

Water between potato dams

Clothianidin has permit for seed potatoes, soil treatment before laying

  • f potatoes.
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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

53 / 10.12.09

Neonicotinoids in adjacent crops

  • High a. i. dosis in sugar beets
  • High a. i. dosis in corn
  • Soil treatment for seeding potatoes
  • Effects on subsequent fertilizer plants?

Hive poisoning in fall?

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

54 / 10.12.09

Neonicotinoids in Fall

  • Young canola plants
  • Winter cereals
  • Guttating fertilizer plants
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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

55 / 10.12.09

Canola guttation in Fall

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

56 / 10.12.09

Neonicotinoid content in Canola guttation, fall 2009

4-leaf-stage 6-leave- stage 172 ppb 63 ppb

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

57 / 10.12.09

Neonicotinoide im Herbst

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

58 / 10.12.09

Neonicotinoid seed coatings …

  • … poison agricultural crops and soils for

months

  • … poison for month and

indiscriminatingly any and all insects, not just the targets

  • … still require carefull handling of the

treated seeds

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

59 / 10.12.09

Neonicotinoids in Germany

  • Direct application

B1

  • - no application -

B2

  • Seed coating

B3

  • Sprays

B4 Contamination of nectar and pollen by blossom sprayapplications Brood losses?

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

60 / 10.12.09

Brood damage by neonicotinoids

  • Neonics through water into hive
  • ‚Harmless‘ substances, e. g. Thiacloprid

 blossom spray application  Nectar, Pollen

  • Distribution of contaminated water

and/or nectar through thropalaxix and snowball-system in entire hive population of collectors, hive bees, and

  • pen larvae
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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

61 / 10.12.09

Literatur about „snowball system“

  • Food transmission within the honeybee

community, H.L. Nixon + C. R. Ribbards, 1952

  • The flow of incoming nectar througha honey

bee colony as revealed by a protein marker,

  • G. DeGrandi-Hoffman + J. Hagler, 2000
  • Inner nest homeostasis in a changing

environment with special emphasis on honey bee brood nursing and pollen supply,

  • T. Schmickl, K. Crailsheim, 2004
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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

62 / 10.12.09

Schneeball-System

  • Marked sugar syrup
  • After 2 hours:

65 % hive bees, 42 % nurse bees,

35 % Larvae

  • After 8 hours:

100 % hive bees, 90 % nurses,

75 % Larvae

  • After 48 hours:

100 % hive and nurse bees as well as all open Larvae

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

63 / 10.12.09

Brood damage through „safe“ a.i.?

  • Nectar storage right next to brood for

direct larvae feeding

  • Danger for nurse bes?
  • Can poison be passed on through royal

jelly?

  • ‚Long term damage‘ of adult bees

raised as larvae with these substances?!

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

64 / 10.12.09

Fungicides as blossom sprays, e. g. CANTUS

  • Nectar storage right next to brood for

direct larvae feeding

  • Danger for nurse bes?
  • Can poison be passed on through royal

jelly?

  • Effects of fungicides on microorganisms

important for the productionof bee bread (G. DeGrandi-Hoffman)

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

65 / 10.12.09

GMO plants

  • Nectar storage right next to brood for direct

larvae feeding

  • Danger for nurse bes?
  • Can poison be passed on through royal jelly?
  • GMO plants produce their own poison –

danger to bees through guttation drops?

  • Leaching of GMO poison into dew/rain, drops

falling to the soil, weeds?

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DBIB – H. Riebe

Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

66 / 10.12.09

Demands of DBIB

  • Immediate stop of all neonicotinoid

seed coatings in crops

  • No blossom spray applications

(during daylights)

  • Larvae tests for all substances to be

applied to blossoms

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Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

67 / 10.12.09

Bees drinking phloem?

  • Observed in corn 2008
  • Reports about the same in

sunflower in 2009 (extrafloral nectar or phloem?)

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Exposition paths of neonicotinoids – Paris 2009

68 / 10.12.09

Latest results

  • Girolami publication
  • Canola guttation in spring at approx. 20

ppb (UFOP research, Wallner)

  • JKI greenhouse results presented in
  • Sept. in Brussels
  • AFSSA presentation at SETAC in Sept. in

Brussels