Examining Bias in Construction Kits Solving the Combinatorics The - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Examining Bias in Construction Kits Solving the Combinatorics The - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Examining Bias in Construction Kits Dr. James Gopsill Construction Kits Examining Bias in Construction Kits Solving the Combinatorics The 15 th International Conference on DESIGN Problem Evaluating Bias Findings Conclusions Dr. James

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SLIDE 1

Examining Bias in Construction Kits

  • Dr. James

Gopsill Construction Kits Solving the Combinatorics Problem Evaluating Bias Findings Conclusions Future Work Questions

Examining Bias in Construction Kits

The 15th International Conference on DESIGN

  • Dr. James Gopsill

University of Bath, UK

21st–24th May, 2018

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SLIDE 2

Examining Bias in Construction Kits

  • Dr. James

Gopsill Construction Kits Solving the Combinatorics Problem Evaluating Bias Findings Conclusions Future Work Questions

Contents

1

Construction Kits

2

Solving the Combinatorics Problem

3

Evaluating Bias

4

Findings

5

Conclusions

6

Future Work

7

Questions

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SLIDE 3

Examining Bias in Construction Kits

  • Dr. James

Gopsill Construction Kits Solving the Combinatorics Problem Evaluating Bias Findings Conclusions Future Work Questions

Construction Kits

(a) Lincoln Logs (b) Lego (c) Minecraft Figure 1: Digital & Physical Construction Kits

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SLIDE 4

Examining Bias in Construction Kits

  • Dr. James

Gopsill Construction Kits Solving the Combinatorics Problem Evaluating Bias Findings Conclusions Future Work Questions

Construction Kits Interesting Facts

Figure 2: Lego

There are approximately 62 bricks per person of the Earth’s population.

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SLIDE 5

Examining Bias in Construction Kits

  • Dr. James

Gopsill Construction Kits Solving the Combinatorics Problem Evaluating Bias Findings Conclusions Future Work Questions

Construction Kits Interesting Facts

Figure 3: Minecraft

There are 75M monthly players of the digital Constuction Kit Minecraft.

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SLIDE 6

Examining Bias in Construction Kits

  • Dr. James

Gopsill Construction Kits Solving the Combinatorics Problem Evaluating Bias Findings Conclusions Future Work Questions

Construction Kits Research

Figure 4: Lego Therapy1

  • 1G. Owens et al. “LEGO Therapy and the Social Use of Language Programme”. In: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 38.10 (June 2008),
  • p. 1944.

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SLIDE 7

Examining Bias in Construction Kits

  • Dr. James

Gopsill Construction Kits Solving the Combinatorics Problem Evaluating Bias Findings Conclusions Future Work Questions

Construction Kits Research

Figure 5: Serious Play2

  • 2S. Klaus-Peter et al. “T
  • olkit-Based Modelling and Serious Play as Means to Foster Creativity in Innovation Processes”. In: Creativity and Innovation

Management 24.2 (2015), pp. 323–340. 7 / 24

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SLIDE 8

Examining Bias in Construction Kits

  • Dr. James

Gopsill Construction Kits Solving the Combinatorics Problem Evaluating Bias Findings Conclusions Future Work Questions

Construction Kits Research

Figure 6: Embedding rules within bricks3

  • 3D. Mathias et al. “Design variation through richness of rules embedded in LEGO bricks”. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on

Engineering Design. 2017. 8 / 24

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SLIDE 9

Examining Bias in Construction Kits

  • Dr. James

Gopsill Construction Kits Solving the Combinatorics Problem Evaluating Bias Findings Conclusions Future Work Questions

Construction Kits Meeting of the minds

Figure 7: Meeting of the minds

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SLIDE 10

Examining Bias in Construction Kits

  • Dr. James

Gopsill Construction Kits Solving the Combinatorics Problem Evaluating Bias Findings Conclusions Future Work Questions

Construction Kits Bias But how much influence does a Construction Kit have on the freedom to design?

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SLIDE 11

Examining Bias in Construction Kits

  • Dr. James

Gopsill Construction Kits Solving the Combinatorics Problem Evaluating Bias Findings Conclusions Future Work Questions

Construction Kits Bias

Figure 8: Construction kit used to design the Sydney opera house

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SLIDE 12

Examining Bias in Construction Kits

  • Dr. James

Gopsill Construction Kits Solving the Combinatorics Problem Evaluating Bias Findings Conclusions Future Work Questions

Construction Kits Bias Audience Participation

Figure 9: 2 2 × 4 LEGO bricks (B2,4(2))

Using the two LEGO pieces you have been given, place one on top of the

  • ther.

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SLIDE 13

Examining Bias in Construction Kits

  • Dr. James

Gopsill Construction Kits Solving the Combinatorics Problem Evaluating Bias Findings Conclusions Future Work Questions

Construction Kits Bias

Figure 10: The 46 combinations of B2,4(2)

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SLIDE 14

Examining Bias in Construction Kits

  • Dr. James

Gopsill Construction Kits Solving the Combinatorics Problem Evaluating Bias Findings Conclusions Future Work Questions

Construction Kits Bias

Figure 11: 14 morphologically unique combinations of B2,4(2)

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SLIDE 15

Examining Bias in Construction Kits

  • Dr. James

Gopsill Construction Kits Solving the Combinatorics Problem Evaluating Bias Findings Conclusions Future Work Questions

Construction Kits Bias

4 2 4 2 4 2 2 1 4 8 4 4 4 1

Figure 12: Number of pathways of B2,4(2)

Thus, there are multiple pathways to each combination. And, the number of pathways to each combination differs. So is the kit biasing particular solutions eventhough they are all valid? (Keep hold of your combination. We will come back to it at the end.)

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SLIDE 16

Examining Bias in Construction Kits

  • Dr. James

Gopsill Construction Kits Solving the Combinatorics Problem Evaluating Bias Findings Conclusions Future Work Questions

Solving the Combinatorics Problem

T

  • explore this further, we generated a breadth-first search algorithm.

Figure 13: Breadth-first search algorithm

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SLIDE 17

Examining Bias in Construction Kits

  • Dr. James

Gopsill Construction Kits Solving the Combinatorics Problem Evaluating Bias Findings Conclusions Future Work Questions

Solving the Combinatorics Problem

Figure 14: University of Bath’s Balena HPC (3,072 cores, 18TB main memory and 300TB storage providing a peak performance of 57Tflops)

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SLIDE 18

Examining Bias in Construction Kits

  • Dr. James

Gopsill Construction Kits Solving the Combinatorics Problem Evaluating Bias Findings Conclusions Future Work Questions

Evaluating Bias

T wo Cases of B2,4(n) bricks: NAC No additional constraints NRC No rotation constraint Job size 64 cores 6 hours

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SLIDE 19

Examining Bias in Construction Kits

  • Dr. James

Gopsill Construction Kits Solving the Combinatorics Problem Evaluating Bias Findings Conclusions Future Work Questions

Evaluating Bias Gini Coefficient

G = n

i=1

n

j=1 |xi − xj|

2 n

i=1

n

j=1 xj

(1) Where xi is the number of pathways to combination i, xj is the number of pathways to combination j and n is the number of combinations. In terms of the Lorenz curve in Figure 15, this is the ratio of the area under the Lorenz curve (B) and the area for a non-biased kit (A+B). 100% Cumulative share of path- ways 100% Cumulative share of com- binations (or- dered) Line of Non- Bias Lorenz Curve A B

Figure 15: Lorenz curve of the distribution of pathways to combinations

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SLIDE 20

Examining Bias in Construction Kits

  • Dr. James

Gopsill Construction Kits Solving the Combinatorics Problem Evaluating Bias Findings Conclusions Future Work Questions

Findings

T able 1: Number of pathways (P) and morphologically equivalent combinations (M) of B(2,4)(n)

Bw,h(n) P M P M Pmin Pmax Anon-biased Abiased B G NAC B2,4(2) 92 14 6.6 2 16 620 137 472 0.31 B2,4(3) 12.3 × 103 429 28.7 4 104 2.6 × 106 98.0 × 103 1.6 × 106 0.39 B2,4(4) 2.2 × 106 33.3 × 103 66.6 4 832 36.9 × 109 557.2 × 106 21.4 × 109 0.42 B2,4(5) 497.8 × 106 3.0 × 106 166.2 4 14.9 × 103 744.8 × 1012 4.5 × 1012 370.8 × 1012 0.51 NRC B2,4(2) 42 8 5.3 2 8 162.0 49.0 131.0 0.27 B2,4(3) 2.5 × 103 139 17.9 4 32 172.5 × 103 10.8 × 103 126.0 × 103 0.29 B2,4(4) 198.5 × 103 4.6 × 103 43.5 4 448 449.7 × 106 10.5 × 106 300.6 × 106 0.34 B2,4(5) 19.7 × 106 193.4 × 103 101.6 4 2.0 × 103 1.9 × 1012 18.7 × 109 1.1 × 1012 0.42

90% reduction in the design space when adding a constraint 86% reduciton in Pmax 20% reduction in G

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SLIDE 21

Examining Bias in Construction Kits

  • Dr. James

Gopsill Construction Kits Solving the Combinatorics Problem Evaluating Bias Findings Conclusions Future Work Questions

Findings

2 3 4 5 50 100 150 n

P M

NAC NRC

(a) Mean pathway to combination ratio

2 3 4 5 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 n G NAC NRC

(b) Gini Coefficient Figure 16: Characteristics of bias within B(2,4)(n) construction kits

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SLIDE 22

Examining Bias in Construction Kits

  • Dr. James

Gopsill Construction Kits Solving the Combinatorics Problem Evaluating Bias Findings Conclusions Future Work Questions

Conclusions

But how much influence does a Construction Kit have on the freedom to design?

A significant bias does exist within the brick-style (LEGO™) construction kits However, it may not be perceived by the designer due to the exponential rate of increase in the number of pathways and combinations Additional constraints reduces the design space but has little effect on the bias within the kit

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SLIDE 23

Examining Bias in Construction Kits

  • Dr. James

Gopsill Construction Kits Solving the Combinatorics Problem Evaluating Bias Findings Conclusions Future Work Questions

Future Work

4 2 4 2 4 2 2 1 4 8 4 4 4 1 Figure 17: Back to the pathways

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SLIDE 24

Examining Bias in Construction Kits

  • Dr. James

Gopsill Construction Kits Solving the Combinatorics Problem Evaluating Bias Findings Conclusions Future Work Questions

Future Work

4 2 4 2 4 2 2 1 4 8 4 4 4 1 Figure 17: Back to the pathways

Human factors in using a construction kit to design Account for occlusion Explore more constraints and combinations of constraints Explore more construction kits Ultimately design the next generation construction kit with as-designed design freedom Open-source the combinatorial code (awaiting journal reviews and publication)

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SLIDE 25

Examining Bias in Construction Kits

  • Dr. James

Gopsill Construction Kits Solving the Combinatorics Problem Evaluating Bias Findings Conclusions Future Work Questions

Questions Thank you for your attention

https://jamesgopsill.github.io

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