Evolution of Internet Vint Cerf May 2010 1 The Original ARPANET - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Evolution of Internet

Vint Cerf

May 2010

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360 #3 UCSB PDP 10 940 #2 SRI #4 UTAH #1 UCLA Sigma 7

The Original ARPANET Dec 1969

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The ARPANET IMP

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Packet Radio Van

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Inside the PR Van

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Inside the PR Van (2)

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Intelsat IVA - Packet Satellite Network

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First Three-Network Test of Internet

November 22, 1977

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Internet 1999

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Internet - Global Statistics 2010

732,740,444

(ftp.isc.org/www/survey/reports/current/

Jan 2010)

1,802 Million Users

(InternetWorldStats.com, Dec 31, 2009)

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Regional Internet Statistics 12/31/2009

Region Internet Population % penetration Asia 764.4 Mil. 20.1 % Europe 425.8 Mil. 53.0 % North Am. 259.6 Mil. 76.2 % LATAM/C 186.9 Mil. 31.9 % Mid-East 58.3 Mil. 28.8 % Oceania 21.1 Mil. 60.8 % Africa 86.2 Mil. 8.7 % TOTAL 1,802.0 Mil. 26.6 %

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http://www.potaroo.net/tools/ipv4/index.html

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Major Changes to Internet

• IPv6 - in parallel with IPv4
• Internationalized Domain Names
• Domain Name System Security (DNSSEC)
• Digitally-Signed Address Registration
• Sensor Networks
• Smart Grid
• Mobile Devices

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Internationalized Domain Names

Internet Society of China www.isc.org.cn www.中国互联网协会.组织.中国 Industrial and Commercial Bank of China www.icbc.com.cn www.中国工商银行.国际.中国 Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the PR China www.miit.gov.cn/ www.中国工业与信息化部.政府.中国

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APPLICATIONS

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Chrome

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25

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Google Earth

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Google Ocean

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Google Sky

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Google Mars

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Google Moon

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Mobility and Mobiles

• 4.5 Billion Mobiles and counting (15-20% Internet enabled)
• Text/Web Access
• Payment systems
• Innovative interfaces - Note I/O discovery
• Navigation systems

– GPS, Galileo?, Mobile Tower triangulation, Bldg Announcements?

• Geo-location based services (Lake Powell example/saffrom)

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Evolving and Maturing Technologies

• Speech Recognition: Android
• Automatic Captioning
• (Real-time) Speech and Text Translation

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Internet-enabled Devices

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Security Problems

• Spam
• Viruses/Worms/Trojan Horses

– Infected websites – Infected thumb drives – Infected CD-ROMs, DVDs, etc.

• DOS and DDOS attacks
• Social Engineering
• Poor passwords (re-usable especially)
• Phishing, Pharming (DNS compromise)
• IP address poaching
• Spectacular human error (configuration esp.)

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Origins of Security Weaknesses

• Weak operating systems
• Naïve Browsers (running with too much privilege)
• Poor access control practices
• Improper configuration of hosts and clients
• Compromised lap/desktops + servers

Leading to BOTNETS

• Hackers, Organized Crime, State-sponsored cyberwarfare

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Privacy Problems

• Lax user behaviors (social networking, unsafe configuration)
• Weak protection of personal data by business, government

– Lost laptops, thumb drives – Weak security configuration of servers – Poor access controls – Bad business practices (sharing personal information)

• Invasive devices

– Mobiles with cameras and sound recording capacity – GPS tracking – RFID tracking – Closed Circuit TV surveillance (traffic, stores, public places)

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New Technology and Applications

• Flow Routers (Nick McKeown - Stanford)
• Massive Data Correlation

– MAP/Reduce - Cloud computing data centers – Jeff Jonas: every datum is a query – Tweetstream, sigint/humint/sensors, web, media (YouTube, Flickr) – Computers in the Real World

• http://www.ted.com/talks/pattie_maes_demos_the_sixth_sense.html
• TIA - DARPA (Poindexter)

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Cloud Collaboration

• Multiple Data Centers (replication, responsiveness)
• Dynamic capacity sharing
• Data sharing (“latest copy is always in the cloud”)
• Video and audio conferencing with data sharing
• Inter-Cloud interactions (new research area!)

– How to refer to other clouds? – How to refer to data in other clouds? – How to make data references persistent (unlike URLs)? – How to protect Clouds from various forms of attack (inside, outside)? – How to establish an access control regime (inside, between clouds)? – What semantics can we rely on with inter-cloud data exchange? – What notion of “object” would be useful for inter-cloud exchange?

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Internet Research Problems

Security at all levels Internet “Erlang” formulas QOS debates (smart routers?) Internationalized Domain Names (ccTLDs & GTLDs) Distributed Algorithms Presence (multi-level) Mobility, persistence (processes, connections, references) Multihoming Multipath routing Broadcast utilization Mesh and Sensor networks Virtualization (net, storage, processing)

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Internet Research Problems - 2

Authentication, Identity, Authorization Multi-core Processor Algorithms Delay and Disruption Tolerance Integration of Applications (e.g. drag/drop gadgets in calendar) Intellectual Property Protection (tracking rights, enforcement) Role of Layering Governance

• Law Enforcement
• Policy Development
• Homologation
• Facilitation of electronic

commerce

• Privacy and confidentiality

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Internet Research Problems - 3

Mobile operation Dynamic joining (new IP address?, Authentication?) Dynamic Routing (Dynamic Topology) Persistent connection (ID at TCP/UDP/RTP layer?) Self-organization (security risks?)

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Internet Research Problems - 4

Performance Latency, Throughput (cf: Greg Chesson’s work) Resilience (AS partitioning) Rate management vs CWND flow control Route convergence Addressing (Identification) What objects should be addressable? New bindings of IP to Identifiers (new DNS?)

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Important Policy Issues

• Broadband access to Internet

– Increases range of applications that are feasible – Enhances value of cloud computing – Creates platform for new business development

• Open, non-discriminatory access to Internet

– Enhances competition for value-added service delivery – May require regulatory oversight (inadequate competition) – Facilitates innovation without permission (end-to-end principle)

• Reasonable practices

– Differential charging for bandwidth usage (not volume!) – Discrimination among traffic classes (but not among users or providers) – Traffic management to avoid congestion (fairness!) – Resistance to Denial of Service Attacks, etc.

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Security Policy Issues and Ideas

• Cyber Fire Department (Sandia Labs?)

– Note, long-standing Conficker Worm dictates continuous response (smoldering fire…)

• Possible International Treaty agreements

– Significance of Digital Signatures and Certificates – Agreements on Definition of “abuse” – Extradition and Mutual Assistance agreements – Cooperative, Open Software Development for Security

• Covert operations
• Overt cyber-warfare

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Challenges of the Digital Age

• Intellectual property treatment

– Digital material is easy to copy and distribute

• Semantic Web
• Complex objects that can only be rendered via computer

– 3D interactive objects – Complex spreadsheets – Interactive environments

• BIT ROT!

– Preserving interpretive programs (Windows 3000 and PPT 1997) – And the operating systems that run them – And the hardware that run the operating systems – For thousands of years!!

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InterPlaNetary Internet

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DARPA
‘Next
Genera/on
Internet’
ini/a/ve


• Development
of
an
architecture
for
extending
the
Internet
across


space


Crea/on
of
new
“Disrup/on
Tolerant
Networking”
(DTN)
 technology
based
on
‘Bundles’


• Forma9on
of
the
DTN
Research
Group
in
the
IRTF

• New
DARPA‐DTN
ini9a9ve
launched


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 Increasing reliance on data relays and the need to transition towards an internetworked architecture  Increasing reliance on international cooperation

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DTN
Standardiza9on


Technology
and
Infrastructure
 for
Emerging
Regions
(TIER)
 Time
Equals
Knowledge
(TeK)
 DataMules
 DakNet
 Interplanetary
Internet
 SeNDT
‐
Sensor
Network
with
 Delay
Tolerance
 SNC
Project
 ZebraNet
 DTN/SN
‐
DTN
for
wireless
 sensor/actuator
networks
 FidoNet
 SUMOWIN
 Shared
Wireless
InfostaMon
 Model
(SWIM)
at
Cornell
 Mindstream
Project
at
the
 University
of
Waterloo

 World
Wide
Web
Offline
Explorer
 (WWWOFFLE)
 Wizzy
Digital
Courier
in
South
 Africa
 VMESH
project
at
UC
Davis
 Node
LocalizaMon
using
 Mobile
Robots
in
 



Delay‐Tolerant
Sensor
 Networks
at
NICTA,
Australia
 UCLA
DTN
for
Sensor
Networks


Internet
 DraDs
+
 RFCs


CCSDS
 Recommended
 Standards
 “DTN‐2”
 Reference
 ImplementaMon
 Space
 Reference
 ImplementaMons
 (“ION”)


Space
DTN
profile
 Interoperability
tesMng


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The
DTN
protocol
specifica-ons
are
open.

They
can
be
freely
downloaded
from
IETF
or
 from
the
DTN
Research
Group
web
site
–
hLp://www.dtnrg.org
 The
DTN2
reference
implementa-on
is
open
source,
can
likewise
be
downloaded
from
 the
DTNRG
web
site.
 The
ION
implementa-on
(Interplanetary
Overlay
Network)
is
specifically
designed
for
 use
in
space
flight
missions
(high
performance,
runs
in
Linux
or
VxWorks).

Not
fully


• pen
source
but
EAR‐99,
can
be
downloaded
at
no
cost
from
Ohio
University
–
hLps://

ion.ocp.ohiou.edu
 DTN
Availability


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The
Internet
Protocol
suite
(IPS)
assumes
a
data
communica9ons
 environment
which
is:


• con9nuously
and
bi‐direc9onally
connected
end‐end

• short
delay

• “chaLy”


In
some
space
environments
the
IPS
will
work
just
fine:


• TDRSS‐like
con9nuous
tracking
of
near‐Earth
missions

• Front‐side
Lunar
communica9ons
with
con9nuous
coverage

• Some
surface‐to‐surface
communica9ons

• Inside
a
spacecraD


The
IPS
breaks
as
soon
as
delays
and
disrup9ons
occur


• Network
disrup9on
is,
essen9ally,
unpredictable
delay.


DTN
and
IP


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Interplanetary Internet:“InterPlaNet” (IPN)

• Planetary internets
• Interplanetary Gateways
• Interplanetary Long-Haul Architecture (RFC 4838)

– Licklider Transport Protocol (LTP) – Bundle Protocol (RFC 5050)

• Delayed Binding of Identifiers
• Email-like behavior
• TDRSS and NASA in-space routing
• Delay and Disruption Tolerant Protocols

– Tactical Mobile applications (DARPA) – Civilian Mobile applications (SameNet!) – Deep Impact Testing October 2008 – Space Station Testing 2009

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Thinking Differently

High Delay and Episodic Connectivity

• Network management isn’t real-time
• Spacecraft Autonomy becomes critical
• Real-time audio and video turns into email
• State information becomes fuzzy (variably stale)
• Increased value of contingency planning

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Thinking Farther Out

Longer term missions

• Nuclear power sources (again)
• Longer spacecraft lifetimes
• Larger number of concurrent missions
• Multi-craft missions (e.g., interferometry)
• Interstellar missions?

More concurrent missions

• Pace of national space programs
• Increasing commercial interest
• X-Prize stimuli

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• End-to-end information flow across the solar system
• Layered architecture for evolvability and

interoperability

• IP-like protocol suite tailored to operate over long

round trip light times

• Integrated communications and navigation services