Evaluation of Rehabilitation and Mining Potential of Municipal Solid waste Dumpsite Evaluation of Rehabilitation and Mining Potential of Evaluation of Rehabilitation and Mining Potential of Municipal Solid Waste Dumpsite Municipal Solid Waste Dumpsite By By Tawach Tawach Prechthai Prechthai Committee members: Committee members: Prof. C. Visvanathan Prof. C. Visvanathan Dr. Juthamaad Satayavivad Dr. Juthamaad Satayavivad Dr. Preeda Parkpian Dr. Preeda arkpian Dr. Nowarat Coowanitwong Dr. Nowarat Coowanitwong Environmental Envi ronmental T Toxicol xicology Tec gy Technology and Management nology and Management School of Environmental Resour School of Environmental Resource and Development, CRI-AIT-MU ce and Development, CRI-AIT-MU 1/49
Contents Evaluation of Rehabilitation and Mining Potential of Municipal Solid waste Dumpsite � Response of External Examiner Comments � Research Background � Research Objectives � Research Methodology � Results and Discussion � Conclusion and Recommendations � Contribution to MSW Management � International Publication 2/49
1. Response of External Examiner Comments Evaluation of Rehabilitation and Mining Potential of Municipal Solid waste Dumpsite 1.1 The reviewer is missing some information about the history of the dumpsite Nonthaburi, like estimate total mass stored there or background information about the former composition. � MSW generated in Nonthaburi province : 50-60% w/w of food waste and 12-24 %w/w of plastic � This information is added in the modified final report, page 66. 3/49
1.2 It might be discussed whether 4 times of 150 kg for the characterization Evaluation of Rehabilitation and Mining Potential of Municipal Solid waste Dumpsite of the solid are representative, while 750 tones per day are delivered. � Determination of recycling potential of waste is focused on the 3- 5 years old solid waste � Low biodegradation of waste at BH1 and BH2 � Four solid waste sampling points nearby BH1 were randomly sampled � Approximately 150 kg of waste was collected from every 1 depth interval from the surface to 3 m depth � There are totally 12 samples with 1800 kg of solid waste � Statistical analysis shows insignificant difference of characteristic and composition of waste among these points 4/49
Evaluation of Rehabilitation and Mining Potential of Municipal Solid waste Dumpsite 1.3 To test the biodegradability of the material, the method of respiratory or and anaerobic test for gas production would be more adequate than the BOD (for aquatic system). � Limitation of necessary equipment � BOD and COD analysis can be done without excavation of solid waste � BOD/COD ratio of leachate is used as criteria in screening the stability and biodegradability of waste in landfill 5/49
Evaluation of Rehabilitation and Mining Potential of Municipal Solid waste Dumpsite 1.4 The author give three tasks to be solve later: economical feasibility, evaluation of adopted dumpsite/ landfill technology and the option of compost. It would have been preferred, if the author would have started at least a discussion on that topics. Or if he would have shown detailed necessary steps to transfer his research into application. � Feasibility of adopted dumpsite and landfill has been discussed in section 4.4, page 78-80. � Economic feasibility in pilot scale of dumpsite mining and the option of compost are recommend in future study. 6/49
2. Research Background Evaluation of Rehabilitation and Mining Potential of Municipal Solid waste Dumpsite Municipal solid waste MSW composition: generation Food waste = 50-60% Paper = 4.5-11% Plastic = 11.6-24% 100 City Building 1 House Shopping centre 80 W aste disposal (% ) 0.5-1.0 kg/capital/day 60 14 million tons/day 40 Why open dumping is selected 20 in MSW disposal ? 0 � Budget Japan Republic of Malysia Thailand Vietnam Bangladesh � Technology Korea � Knowledge Open burning Composting Landfilling Incineration Others MSW Management 7/49
MSW Disposal in Sanitary Landfill Evaluation of Rehabilitation and Mining Potential of Municipal Solid waste Dumpsite MSW + Hazardous waste Gas management system Metal, plastic, glass, paint, textile, food O 2 + H 2 O waste, battery, lamp Soil covering/ Leachate Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni, Zn, Bottom lining Treatment Cu, Mn, Hg system Runoff water Landfill Leachate collection/ Leachate treatment system NH3, organic matter, toxic organic compound Ground water 8/49
Heavy Metal Accumulation in Solid Waste Evaluation of Rehabilitation and Mining Potential of Municipal Solid waste Dumpsite Heavy metal (100%) 1. Ion exchange with negative charge 2. Mn/Fe oxide adsorption 3. Precipitation with carbonate 90% 4. Complexation with solid organic matter/ sulfide precipitation 5. Non solubility property Can be remobilized if environment is changed Heavy metal (10% w/w) 9/49
Environmental Contamination of Toxic Compounds from Dumpsite Evaluation of Rehabilitation and Mining Potential of Municipal Solid waste Dumpsite Water evaporation / gas emission O 2 + H 2 O Leachate runoff Surface water contamination Solid waste degradation Leachate Ground water contamination • Oxidation-reduction potential increase • Biodegradation of organic matter • Remobilization of heavy metals • Ground water/surface water contamination 10/49
Characteristic of Nonthaburi Dumpsite Evaluation of Rehabilitation and Mining Potential of Municipal Solid waste Dumpsite � Total area is about 108,800 m 2 � Approximately 700 tons/day of MSW is disposed without soil covering and leachate collection system at bottom of this site � Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) is a dominant specie in surrounding area � High sensitivity of germination and root elongation of rice to toxic compound 11/49
Landfill Mining and Reclamation Evaluation of Rehabilitation and Mining Potential of Municipal Solid waste Dumpsite MSW Excavation Advantage of landfill mining 1) Increase land value of Waste sorting process reclaimed site for other uses 2) Reduction of landfill area Coarse screening 3) Elimination of source of contamination Fine material Fine screening Reuse 4) Solid waste recycle off site Magnetic Covered soil separator Waste recycle option Recycle Disposal 1) Energy recovery 2) Soil recycle as compost Landfill mining process 3) Material recovery Source: Figure 2.3, page 20 4) Others such as Wastewater treatment 12/49
Limitation of Landfill Mining Evaluation of Rehabilitation and Mining Potential of Municipal Solid waste Dumpsite � Quality of recovered material Moisture pH Noncombustible waste EC Metals Metals Chlorine Nutrient (N, P, K) Ash C/N ratio Calorific value Toxicity (Germination Index) Compost Energy Recovery � Landfill gas and odor � Disposal of hazardous / Non-recyclable waste � Cost of operation 13/49
3. Research Objectives Evaluation of Rehabilitation and Mining Potential of Municipal Solid waste Dumpsite � To determine characteristics of municipal solid waste in a dumpsite and its leaching ability of heavy metals � To determine the toxicity of leachate to the germination of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) � To determine the mining potential and characteristics of degraded solid waste for recycling as fuel, compost and the possibility of non-recyclable waste disposal into a new landfill 14/49
Evaluation of Rehabilitation and Mining Potential of Municipal Solid waste Dumpsite 4. Research Methodology Research Diagram Source: Figure 3.1 Page 24 15/49
Sampling Location of Solid Waste, Leachate, Surface Water and Groundwater Evaluation of Rehabilitation and Mining Potential of Municipal Solid waste Dumpsite 1. Leachate sampling N � Leachate runoff (L) and borholes Klong Bang Khun Sri S6 (BH1, BH2) � Treatment systems (T1, T2) and Garden S4 leachate ponds (P1-P3) MW 3 P1 2. Surface water (S1-S8) and groundwater MW 4 Garden T2 P3 L (MW1-MW4) sampling T1 BH 2 MW 2 S7 P2 Paddy field 3. Solid waste sampling (SW1-SW4) BH1 S1 SW1 S2 MW1 S5 SW4 S3 SW2 Paddy field SW3 Paddy field MW = Monitoring well BH = Borehole Klong Ha Roi SW = Solid waste sampling points S8 P = Leachate Pond S = Surface water T = Treatment system L = Runoff leachate Nonthaburi dumpsite 16/49
Seed Germination and Root Elongation Toxicity Test of Leachate with Oryza sativa L. Evaluation of Rehabilitation and Mining Potential of Municipal Solid waste Dumpsite (1) 15 seeds/disc lining with filter paper Source: Figure 3.4 page 33 (2) Incubation at 25 °C for 96 h 17/49
Toxic Identification of Leachate Evaluation of Rehabilitation and Mining Potential of Municipal Solid waste Dumpsite Toxicity identification Initial leachate IC50 toxicity test pH adjustment Graduated pH test EDTA test Toxicity test 500 mg/L of pH n pH pH pH EDTA stock pH 11 pH 3 (no adjustment) 6 7 8 solution 0.0125 Aeration Aeration Aeration 0.05 ml 0.2 ml ml Readjust pH Readjust pH Toxicity Toxicity Toxicity test test test Toxicity Toxicity Toxicity Toxicity test test test test Source: Figure 3.5, page 35 18/49
Solid Waste Size Distribution Evaluation of Rehabilitation and Mining Potential of Municipal Solid waste Dumpsite Schematic Diagram of Trommel Screen Source: Figure 3.6, page 37 19/49
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