EVALUATI ON OF BOTANI CAL PI SCI CI DES EVALUATI ON OF BOTANI CAL PI SCI CI DES ON NI LE TI LAPI A OREOCHROMI S OREOCHROMI S ON NI LE TI LAPI A NI LOTI CUS L. AND MOSQUI TO FI SH L. AND MOSQUI TO FI SH NI LOTI CUS GAMBUSI A AFFI NI S BAI RD AND GI RARD BAI RD AND GI RARD GAMBUSI A AFFI NI S ARSENIA G. CAGAUAN, MARJORIE C. GALAITES AND ARSENIA G. CAGAUAN, MARJORIE C. GALAITES AND LORENZ J. FAJARDO LORENZ J. FAJARDO College of Fisheries and Freshwater Aquaculture Center College of Fisheries and Freshwater Aquaculture Center Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija 3120 Nueva Ecija 3120 (e- (e -mail: mail: p p- -fishgn@mozcom.com fishgn@mozcom.com) ) Funding Agencies: Center of Excellence in Fisheries Commission on Higher Education and Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Quezon City
I NTRODUCTI ON I NTRODUCTI ON ! The use of piscicides as a tool in pond The use of piscicides as a tool in pond ! management during pond preparation to management during pond preparation to get rid of predators before fish stocking is get rid of predators before fish stocking is important. important. ! I deally, ponds should be I deally, ponds should be sundried sundried and the and the ! pond bottom cracked dried to help get rid pond bottom cracked dried to help get rid of fish predators. However, this practice is of fish predators. However, this practice is not always possible particularly during the not always possible particularly during the wet season. Moreover, farmers who are wet season. Moreover, farmers who are always in a hurry to prepare their ponds always in a hurry to prepare their ponds always resort to the use of always resort to the use of inorganic/ chemical fish toxicants. inorganic/ chemical fish toxicants.
I ntroduction I ntroduction ! I n the country today, there is I n the country today, there is no legally registered no legally registered ! fish toxicant except for some organics such as tea such as tea fish toxicant except for some organics seed cake and tobacco dust. seed cake and tobacco dust. ! I n I n view of this, farmers resort to non- - view of this, farmers resort to non ! conventional and unregistered fish toxicants such conventional and unregistered fish toxicants such as agro- -pesticides and sodium cyanide pesticides and sodium cyanide because because as agro they are fast acting and readily available in the they are fast acting and readily available in the market. However, these chemicals may have market. However, these chemicals may have negative effects on the environment and farmers’ negative effects on the environment and farmers’ health. health. ! Hence, Hence, there is a need to explore other ! there is a need to explore other environment- - and health- -friendly fish toxicants friendly fish toxicants environment and health such as botanical plants with piscicidal activity. . such as botanical plants with piscicidal activity
I ntroduction….. Plants as piscicides I ntroduction….. Plants as piscicides ! Plants are virtually inexhaustible source of Plants are virtually inexhaustible source of ! structurally diverse biologically active substances structurally diverse biologically active substances ( I stvan I stvan, 2000). , 2000). ( ! Some plants contain compounds of various classes Some plants contain compounds of various classes ! that have insecticidal, piscicidal and molluscicidal molluscicidal that have insecticidal, piscicidal and properties. properties. ! Unlike synthetic chemical pesticides which leave Unlike synthetic chemical pesticides which leave ! harmful residues in the aquatic environment harmful residues in the aquatic environment ( Koesomadinata Koesomadinata, 1980; , 1980; Cagauan Cagauan, 1990; , 1990; Cagauan Cagauan and and ( Arce, 1992), botanical insecticides are believed to be , 1992), botanical insecticides are believed to be Arce more environment friendly compared to synthetic more environment friendly compared to synthetic chemicals because they are easily biodegraded and chemicals because they are easily biodegraded and leave no residues in the environment. leave no residues in the environment. ! Since some of these pesticidal compounds present in Since some of these pesticidal compounds present in ! plants are also toxic to fishes, botanical pesticides plants are also toxic to fishes, botanical pesticides have potential to be used as piscicide to eradicate have potential to be used as piscicide to eradicate unwanted fishes in the pond. unwanted fishes in the pond.
I ntroduction….. Plants as piscicides I ntroduction….. Plants as piscicides ! Many plants from different families have been Many plants from different families have been ! applied for catching fish the world over such as of applied for catching fish the world over such as of the genera Derris, Derris, Tephrosia Tephrosia and and Lonchocarpus Lonchocarpus of of the genera the family L L eguminosae eguminosae . . the family ! The toxic parts of plants employed as fish poisons The toxic parts of plants employed as fish poisons ! can include roots, seeds, fruits, bark, latex or can include roots, seeds, fruits, bark, latex or leaves. leaves. ! Plants have been reported to have Plants have been reported to have molluscicidal molluscicidal ! action ( Rejesus Rejesus and and Punzalan Punzalan, 1997) hence, they , 1997) hence, they action ( may have high piscicidal action. may have high piscicidal action.
Plants presently used as piscicide Plants presently used as piscicide Plant material Application rate Author Lunz and Bearden, 1963 4g/m 3 Derris roots Chakroff, 1976 1 kg/ha Chakroff, 1976 150 kg/ha Teaseed cake Chakroff, 1976 Camellia seed cake 50-200 kg/ha Powdered Chakroff, 1976 50-200 kg/ha croton seed
Bioassay Test Test Bioassay LC 50 ( g/l) LC 50 ( g/l) Plant Nile tilapia Common carp Plant Nile tilapia Common carp Blumea balsamifera balsamifera 1.54 1.37 Blumea 1.54 1.37 Vitex negundo negundo 4.95 3.53 Vitex 4.95 3.53 Azadiracta indica indica 1.59 0.55 Azadiracta 1.59 0.55 Tinospora rumphii Tinospora rumphii 0.77 0.77 2.13 2.13 From: Leaño Leaño and and Cagauan Cagauan (1994) (1994) From:
Objectives of the Study Objectives of the Study The study assessed the piscicidal activity of The study assessed the piscicidal activity of ten locally available plants to two ten locally available plants to two freshwater fishes: Nile tilapia Nile tilapia ( ( O. niloticus O. niloticus freshwater fishes: L.) and mosquito fish mosquito fish ( ( G. affinis G. affinis Baird and Baird and L.) and Girard ) ) . . Girard I t focused on the laboratory determination I t focused on the laboratory determination of lethal concentrations (LC lethal concentrations (LC 50 and LC 100 ) of 50 and LC 100 ) through a static bioassay test. . through a static bioassay test
Methodology Methodology Test Plants Test Plants Collection of the plant materials was done in the morning. Adelfa Neem Adelfa Neem Nerium indicum indicum Mill. Mill. Azadirachta indica indica Nerium Azadirachta Apocynaceae Meliaceae Apocynaceae Meliaceae Leaves Leaves Leaves Leaves
Test Plants Test Plants Physic Nut Physic Nut Makabuhai Makabuhai curcas L. L. Jatropha curcas Jatropha Tinospora rumphii rumphii Boerl Boerl. . Tinospora Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Menispermaceae Menispermaceae Stems Stems Leaves Leaves
Test Plants Test Plants Sambong Sambong Calamansi Calamansi Blumea balsamifera balsamifera L. L. Blumea Citrus mitis mitis Blanco Blanco Citrus Asteraceae Asteraceae Rutaceae Rutaceae Leaves Leaves Leaves Leaves
Test Plants Test Plants Lagundi Lagundi Agave Agave Vitex negundo negundo L. L. Vitex Agave cantala Roxb Roxb. . Agave cantala Verbaceae Verbaceae Agaveceae Agaveceae Leaves Leaves Leaves Leaves
Test Plants Test Plants Gliricidia sepium sepium ( Gliricidia (Jacq Jacq.) .) Steudel Steudel Ampalaya/Bitter gourd /Bitter gourd Ampalaya Leguminosae Leguminosae Momordica charantia charantia L. L. Momordica Leaves Leaves Cucurbitaceae Cucurbitaceae Leaves Leaves
Experimental set up Experimental set up Rectangular plastic containers each measuring Rectangular plastic containers each measuring 16 cm x 11 cm x 5 cm and provided with net covers 16 cm x 11 cm x 5 cm and provided with net covers were used. Each container was filled with 500 ml were used. Each container was filled with 500 ml distilled water. The water was aerated first to full distilled water. The water was aerated first to full oxygen saturation for 20 minutes before use. oxygen saturation for 20 minutes before use.
Recommend
More recommend
