European Perspective on Integrated Management of Reactive Nitrogen - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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European Perspective on Integrated Management of Reactive Nitrogen - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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European Perspective on Integrated Management of Reactive Nitrogen Jan Willem Erisman, ECN, The Netherlands www.ecn.nl Summary Negative environmental impacts have been observed Effects translated into effect parameters (indicators) and

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www.ecn.nl

European Perspective on Integrated Management of Reactive Nitrogen

Jan Willem Erisman, ECN, The Netherlands

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2 20-10-2008

Summary

  • Negative environmental impacts have been observed
  • Effects translated into effect parameters (indicators) and set long-

term targets for sustainability

  • Indicators used for risk assessment through Integrated

Assessment Modelling, Best Available Techniques and cost- benefit analysis

  • Aim: limit exceedance of limits against lowest cost through

targeted policies and measures

  • Losses to air and water decreased
  • Up till now: focus on water and air separate
  • Future: TFRN will aim for integrative approach
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3 20-10-2008

Outline of presentation

  • N in Europe: the issues
  • N policies and their success
  • A proposal for integrated nitrogen approach
  • Comparison between the US and Europe
  • Conclusions
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4 20-10-2008

100 years (and 1 week) Haber Process

Erisman et al., 2008

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5 20-10-2008

Trends in human population and nitrogen use

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 1900 1950 2000

World population (millions)

10 20 30 40 50

% world population, fertilizer input, meat production

world population world population (no Haber Bosch N) % world population fed by Haber Bosch N average fertilizer input (kg N / ha /year) meat production (kg / person / year)

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6 20-10-2008

Past and future global N fertilizer consumption 1900-2100

50 100 150 200 250 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 Tg N A1 – technol / global A2 – technol / regional B1 – environm /global B2 – environm / regional Tilman et al, 2001 FAO, 2000 (baseline) FAO, 2000 (improved) A1

50 100 150 200 250 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 Tg N A1 – technol / global A2 – technol / regional B1 – environm /global B2 – environm / regional Tilman et al, 2001 FAO, 2000 (baseline) FAO, 2000 (improved) 50 100 150 200 250 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 Tg N A1 – technol / global A2 – technol / regional B1 – environm /global B2 – environm / regional Tilman et al, 2001 FAO, 2000 (baseline) FAO, 2000 (improved)

A2 B1 B2 efficiency increase diet optimization biofuels food equity population growth

A1 A2 B1 B2 efficiency increase diet optimization biofuels food equity population growth A1 A2 B1 B2 efficiency increase diet optimization biofuels food equity population growth

Erisman et al. 2008

We need a new invention that will change the world the coming 100 years

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7 20-10-2008

Fossil fuels/energy and nitrogen

  • NOx emissions from

combustion

  • Fertilizer production
  • Globalisation through

transport

  • Increased production

through increased manpower

  • Biofuels/bioenergy will

require more fertilizer use

Energy, transport and industry

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8 20-10-2008

The reactive nitrogen formation and cascade

Sources Effects Cascade through the environment

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www.ecn.nl

Nitrogen policies in Europe

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10 20-10-2008

Changing insights on role of N in water and air

  • 1920s: N in water contribute to algal growth
  • 1940s: NO3 in drinking water has toxic effects on babies
  • 1960s: N from sewage contribute to algal growth
  • 1970s: N from agriculture contribute to algal growth
  • 1980s: Managed pastures contribute to NO3 leaching
  • 1972: United Nations Conference on the Human

Environment in Stockholm

  • 1980s: ‘das Waldsterben’
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11 20-10-2008

Policies on nitrogen in air Europe

1979: UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) 1988: NOX Protocol UNECE-CLRTAP 1999: Gothenburg Protocol

  • 1984: EU Air Framework Directive (84/360/EEC),
  • 1989: EU Large Combustion Plant Directive 88/609
  • 1996: EU Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive (96/61/EC
  • 1999: EU Air Quality Directive (1999/30/EC)
  • 2000: EU National Emission Ceilings Directive (2001/81/EC)
  • 2005: EU Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution
  • 1997: UNFCCC Kyoto Protocol

Artic Ocean Atlantic Pacific Ocean Slovenia Hungary Slovakia Poland Lithuania Latvia Estonia Finland Armenia Sweden Georgia Norway Belarus Czech Rep.Ukraine Denmark Moldova Germany Yugoslavia Austria Bulgaria Liechtenstein Turkey Italy Monaco Cyprus Switzerland Malta Netherlands Greece Belgium F.Y.R.of Macedonia Luxembourg Albania France Bosnia and Herzegovina Spain Croatia Portugal Ireland United Kingdom Romania Russian Federation Iceland Kara Sea Barents Sea North Sea Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean Sea Black Sea Caspian Sea Aral Sea Canada

  • f America

Kyr gyz sta n Artic Ocean Atlantic Pacific Ocean Slovenia Hungary Slovakia Poland Lithuania Latvia Estonia Finland Armenia Sweden Georgia Norway Belarus Czech Rep.Ukraine Denmark Moldova Germany Serbia and Montenegro Austria Bulgaria Liechtenstein Turkey Italy Monaco Cyprus Switzerland Malta Netherlands Greece Belgium F.Y.R.of Macedonia Luxembourg Albania France Bosnia and Herzegovina Spain Croatia Portugal Ireland United Kingdom Romania Russian Federation Iceland Kara Sea Barents Sea North Sea Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean Sea Black Sea Caspian Sea Aral Sea Canada United States

  • f America

Kyr gyz sta n

Kaz akh sta n Azerbaijan

UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE

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12 20-10-2008

Effect based approach based on ecosystem critical loads

eq ha-1a-1 < 200 200 - 400 400 - 700 700 - 1000 1000 - 1500 > 1500 CLnut(N) percentile 5

MNP/CCE

Critical load: “the highest deposition of (…) below which harmful effects in ecosystem structure and function do not occur according to present knowledge” = long-term ecosystem capacity against eutrophication, acidification, heavy metal effects used as sustainability indicators for policy guidance

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13 20-10-2008

Excess of critical loads for eutrophication

Percentage of ecosystems area with nitrogen deposition above critical loads using grid-average deposition. Calculation for 1997 meteorology

2000 2020 2020 Current legislation

  • Max. feas. reductions
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14 20-10-2008

Policies on nitrogen in air in Europe:

Industry and traffic: decreasing NOX emissions

  • Instruments:
  • Regulatory limits and standards
  • Regulatory ceilings (from flat-rates to

critical loads)

  • Economic instruments (charges,

subsidies)

  • Measures:
  • Best available techniques (BATs)
  • (Structural measures: changes in energy

sources, transport)

  • Effects:
  • In EU-25 in 2006 a decrease in NOX

emissions of ~34% relative 1980

  • A further decrease needed of ~27% to

reach 2010 ceilings

  • Side effects: increases in energy use,

NH3, N2O, CO2 emissions Source: EEA

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15 20-10-2008

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 1 9 9 1 9 9 2 1 9 9 4 1 9 9 6 1 9 9 8 2 ktonnes of NH 3

Other Waste Agriculture Other Transport Road Transport Industry Fugitive Emissions Energy Industries 2010: CLRTAP Gothenburg Protocol, 1

  • Dec. 1999

2010 NECD Target

Policies on nitrogen in air in Europe:

Agriculture: decreasing NH3 emissions

  • Instruments:
  • Permits for large pig and poultry
  • perations
  • Regulatory ceilings (based on

critical loads)

  • Measures:
  • Best available techniques (BATs)
  • (milk quota system, less fertilizer)
  • Effects:
  • In EU-15 in 2006 a decrease in NH3

emissions of ~19% relative 1980

  • A further decrease needed of ~2 -

30% to reach 2010/2020 ceilings

  • Side effects: increase in N2O

emissions and NO3 leaching

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16 20-10-2008

Changes in NH3 emissions

  • 60%
  • 50%
  • 40%
  • 30%
  • 20%
  • 10%

0% 10% 20% 30%

Spain Ireland Norway Austria France Sweden Italy Portugal Luxembourg Greece EU15 Belgium Liechtenstein United Kingdom Germany Finland Denmark Netherlands

% change from 1990 to target (1999 & National Ceilings 2010) 1990 - 2001 1990 - 2010 NECD Target

☺

  • Source: EEA
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17 20-10-2008

Policies on nitrogen in water Europe

  • 1972: Helsinki Convention / OSCOM / PARCOM
  • 1976: Mediterranean Action Plan
  • 1992: HELCOM /OSPAR Conventions :50% decrease in N and P loads
  • 1991: EU Urban waste water Directive
  • 1991: EU Nitrates Directive
  • 2000: EU Water Framework Directive
  • 2006: Groundwater Directive
  • 2007: Marine Strategy
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18 20-10-2008

Policies on nitrogen in water in Europe:

Urban waste: Decreasing N loading to surface waters

  • Instruments:
  • Regulations for collecting &

treatment

  • Regulatory limits for discharges
  • Measures:
  • Collection of sewage
  • Treatment
  • Effects:
  • Decrease in N loading of

surface waters by ~40%

  • Regional diverse
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19 20-10-2008

Policies on nitrogen in water in Europe:

Agriculture: Decreasing NO3 leaching losses

  • Instruments:
  • Regulatory limits on the use of fertilizers

and animal manure

  • Communicative instruments
  • Economic (through Cross compliance

regulations)

  • Measures:
  • Codes of Good Agricultural Practices
  • Zoning, Nitrate Vulnerable Zones
  • Action Programs
  • Effects:
  • Decrease in fertilizer N use of ~5%
  • Changes in agricultural practices
  • Not much change in NO3 concentrations

yet

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20 20-10-2008

Nitrate concentrations in some rivers

Source: EEA

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21 20-10-2008

Spatialised Gross Nitrogen Balance indicator

Spatialised gross nitrogen balance (average on 10 km grid), JRC

National N surplus kgN/ha

Source: EEA

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22 20-10-2008

Successful national examples: the Netherlands

  • Mineral accounting system
  • Emission poor housing
  • Slurry injection
  • Coverage of manure storage
  • Maximum manure application

per land use

  • Decrease of N in concentrates:

lowering urea concentration in milk

  • Manure processing
  • Housing cattle at night
  • No slurry application in winter
  • Good agricultural practice
  • SCR industry and transport
  • Fuel switch

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1975 1985 1995 2005 Year N input (Kton N) 0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0 30,0 N2O emissions (kton) N input to surface water N in manure NH3 emissions Nort Sea input NOx emissions N to agric. Soils N2O emissions

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23 20-10-2008

Why are some policies effective?

Combustion Urban NO

x

NH

3

NO

3

Ntot Few stakeholders x x Technology driven x x x Low costs (x) Cost to consumers x x Knowledge extensive (x) (x) No yield loss x x x Agriculture

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24 20-10-2008

Reasons for being effective

  • Regulatory pressure (catalytic converter, MINAS)
  • No choice and builds good image (catalytic converter)
  • Cost effectiveness caused by optimization (MINAS)

and emission trading (SCR) and monetizing external costs (fines or taxing)

  • Actor is given clear insight in his own actions in

relations to the environmental consequences (MINAS)

  • Ecological targets for an environmental compartment:

effect based approach

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25 20-10-2008

Reasons for being less effective

  • Ambiguous and complex policies, uniform for all systems and

conditions

  • Complexity: many small diffuse sources with different owners;

complex interactions (scale, components)

  • Juridical emphasis of the problem; no education, training and

persuasion

  • Actors do not support/understand the reasoning behind measures

(slurry injector less effective than it could be)

  • Measures not profitable (low prices, cheap energy/transport);

economic optimum is at 50% efficiency or loss

  • Lack of integration and no links with economic and structural

developments More integrated approach

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www.ecn.nl

Towards an integrated Nitrogen approach

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27 20-10-2008

Multiple EU policies affect nitrogen in different sectors

Industry Transport Energy Forests/grass/ ecosystems Agriculture

Fertilizer Bird & Habitat Directive Nature conservation CAP Reform Animal welfare Rural Development Biofuels Kyoto NEC, CLTRAP TS IPPC Nitrate Directive Water Framework Directive Renewable Energy Directive Innovation (Lisboa) IPPC Euro-5 NH3 N2O NOx NO3 Surface water NO3 groundwater N deposition

Human/animal health Global change Climate/biodiversity

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28 20-10-2008

Strategy towards a successful integrated approach

What is needed?

  • Evidence of effects
  • Develop a concept
  • Assessment of benefits of an

integral approach

  • Tools: models; toolboxes
  • Organization
  • Communication/education
  • Policy forum/outlet
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29 20-10-2008

Water quality monitoring

River stations – EIONET Water

EUROWATERNET

Nitrate in groundwater

Source: CEC 2002 Implementation of Nitrate Directive

More than 3000 river stations from more than 30 countries – timeseries for many stations from 1992-2002

Evidence

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30 20-10-2008

Build on the effect based approach for N

  • Reduce emissions by increasing nitrogen efficiency
  • Solve the ‘local problems’ through e.g. the IPPC directive
  • Established a effect based framework to deal with N in an

integrated manner (Nitrogen ceilings):

Effects Indicators Nitrogen Budgets Emissions/losses Targets

Concept

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31 20-10-2008

Integrated modeling system Miterra-Europe

  • Ammonia, nitrous oxide and

methane emissions from housing, storage and soils

  • Nitrate leaching
  • Interactions between N flows

housing and soils (consistent N budget)

  • Measures to mitigate

ammonia and nitrate emissions

Oenema et al., 2007

Tools: models

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Result of integrated model Miterra: pollutant swapping

  • 70
  • 60
  • 50
  • 40
  • 30
  • 20
  • 10

10 20

Biofiltration Low NH3 application technique Covered storage Stable adaptation Low nitrogen feed Incineration Urea substitution NH3 package

NH3 emission NO3 leaching N2O emission change in emission, % to situation without measures Ammonia measures

  • 70
  • 60
  • 50
  • 40
  • 30
  • 20
  • 10

10

Balanced fertilization Decreased application on sloping soils Efficient application technique No winter application Winter crops NO3 package

NH3 emission NO3 leaching N2O emission change in emission, % to situation without measures Nitrate measures

Oennema et al., 2008

NH3 NO3

Tools: models

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33 20-10-2008

Artic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Slovenia Hungary Slovakia Poland Lithuania Latvia Estonia Finland Armenia Sweden Georgia Norway Belarus Czech Rep. Ukraine Denmark Moldova Germany Yugoslavia Austria Bulgaria Liechtenstein Turkey Italy Monaco Cyprus Switzerland Malta Netherlands Greece Belgium F.Y.R.of Macedonia Luxembourg Albania France Bosnia and Herzegovina Spain Croatia Portugal Ireland United Kingdom Romania Russian Federation Iceland Kara Sea Barents Sea North Sea Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean Sea Black Sea Caspian Sea Aral Sea Canada

  • f America

Kyrgyzstan Artic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Slovenia Hungary Slovakia Poland Lithuania Latvia Estonia Finland Armenia Sweden Georgia Norway Belarus Czech Rep. Ukraine Denmark Moldova Germany Serbia and Montenegro Austria Bulgaria Liechtenstein Turkey Italy Monaco Cyprus Switzerland Malta Netherlands Greece Belgium F.Y.R.of Macedonia Luxembourg Albania France Bosnia and Herzegovina Spain Croatia Portugal Ireland United Kingdom Romania Russian Federation Iceland Kara Sea Barents Sea North Sea Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean Sea Black Sea Caspian Sea Aral Sea Canada United States

  • f America

Kyrgyzstan

Kazakhstan Azerbaijan

UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE

Programme Coordinating Centre Implementation Committee ICP Forests Task Force Working Group

  • n Effects

Task Force on Emission Inventories and Projections Task Force on Measurement and Modelling Chemical Coordinating Centre Meteorological Synthesizing Centre-West Task Force on Integrated Assessment Modelling Centre for Integrated Assessment Modelling EMEP Steering Body Expert Group

  • n Ammonia Abatement

Task Force

  • n POPs

Network of Experts

  • n Benefits and

Economic Instruments Expert Group on Techno-economic Issues Working Group on Strategies and Review

Executive Body

ICP Integrated Monitoring Task Force Task Force Health ICP Modelling and Mapping Task Force ICP Materials Task Force ICP Vegetation Task Force ICP Waters Task Force Programme Centre Programme Centre Programme Centre Coordination Center for Effects Main Research Centre Meteorological Synthesizing Centre-East Task Force on Heavy Metals Expert Group on Particulate Matter Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution

Nitrogen and the Convention on LRTAP

Task Force on Reactive Nitrogen

Organization

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34 20-10-2008

Long-term:

  • To provide technical information to be able

–

to develop an integrated vision and approach to abatement of Nr emissions and effects;

–

to improve coordination on the development of integrated Nr policies;

–

to search for synergies between policies on air pollution and other policies;

Short-term activities:

  • Expert Panel on N balances and budgets
  • Expert Panel on mitigation of agricultural nitrogen
  • European Nitrogen Assessment (ENA)
  • Analyse the linkages across Convention,

plus Convention Biological Diversity and Marine Conventions

  • Develop Nr related options for revision of the Gothenburg Protocol

Task Force on Reactive Nitrogen: TFRN

co-chairs: Mark Sutton (UK) and Oene Oenema (NL)

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35 20-10-2008

http://www.clrtap-tfrn.org

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www.nine-esf.org

European Nitrogen Assessment

  • 1. Nitrogen in Europe
  • 2. Nitrogen processing in the

atmosphere, aquatic and biosphere system

  • 3. Dispersion and fate of nitrogen on

different scales

  • 4. Managing nitrogen in relation to key

social threats

  • 5. EU nitrogen policies and

future challenges

www.nine-esf.org

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37 20-10-2008

Communication and visualisation

NitroGenius Visualisation tool:

Communication

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38 20-10-2008

Policy starts to work …..

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www.ecn.nl

Comparison between Europe and the US

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40 20-10-2008

N efficiency in EU27 and the US

In the US:

  • Population less than half
  • Surface twice as high
  • N creation a little higher
  • Less intensive
  • Atm. emissions 25% higher
  • N consumption similar
  • Agricultural N efficiency 8%

lower than in Europe

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 N created: per ha total Atmospheric inputs N consumption Ag Neff-fertilizer Ag Neff-total N input Kg/ha US Europe

Tg Kg/ha kg N/pers/yr % %

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41 20-10-2008

A view from Europe

  • Good science, quantification of the major national N fluxes and the

cascade! Coastal/watershed areas well covered. Good focus on ‘control points’. There is still large uncertainty (50%): ammonia; deposition; regionalisation needed

  • Starting point should be the effects and sustainable levels of

protection (end points); effect based approach through indicators (metrics) and risk assessment (exceedance of long-term targets)

  • Integrated models and assessments to determine optima cot-effective

policies (and co-policy e.g. climate change: less meat; manure processing; renewables; CO2 sequestration, ..)

  • Focus on N balances/budgets and improvement of efficiency
  • Visualisation, communication
  • “struggle with agriculture”
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www.ecn.nl

Thank you for your attention!

erisman@ecn.nl www.nine-esf.org

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43 20-10-2008

Conclusions

  • Negative environmental impacts have

been observed

  • Effects translated into effect parameters
  • Indicators for risk assessment have been

identified (incl. Nitrogen balances/budgets; Neff)

  • Risk reduction through Integrated

Assessment Modelling, Best Available Techniques and cost-benefit analysis

  • Aim: limit exceedance of limits against

lowest cost through targeted policies and measures

  • Up till now: too much focus on water and

air separate

  • TFRN will aim for integrative approach
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44 20-10-2008

Effects of reactive nitrogen in the environment

Overall effects

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45 20-10-2008

Policies on nitrogen in Europe

  • Policy responses: Sectoral & species approaches
  • Industry/traffic: NOX (NH3, N2O), Norg, NO3
  • Agriculture: NH3, NO3, N2O, (NH4, Norg)
  • Urban: Norg, NO3, NH4
  • Focus on command and control measures:
  • Ambient targets
  • Emission targets
  • Technology targets
  • Penalties if limits / targets / standards are not met
  • Other factors and processes affecting N
  • Food production (Common Agricultural Policy)
  • Rural development and demographic effects
  • Industrial changes
  • Changes in traffic, transport, shipping
  • Energy consumption
  • Nature and agricultural policies
  • Climate, etc.
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46 20-10-2008

European Nitrogen research and policy

European and National policies

UNEP, EU, VROM, LNV, TFRN Integrated Assessment, Policy support European Nitrogen Assessment Scientific coordination Science Knowledge basis COST Action on Nitrogen NinE ESF Science NitroEurope IP FP6 National and EU funded research Organization

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47 20-10-2008

More information on nitrogen:

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48 20-10-2008

The Netherlands is the ‘Nitrogen Hot spot’ of Europe

  • 50

50 100 150 200 250 300

H u n g a r y I c e l a n d A u s t r i a P

  • l

a n d I t a l y S w e d e n G r e e c e S p a i n F r a n c e C z e c h R e p u b l i c S w i t z e r l a n d G e r m a n y F i n l a n d P

  • r

t u g a l N

  • r

w a y I r e l a n d U n i t e d K i n g d

  • m

D e n m a r k B e l g i u m N e t h e r l a n d s

Country N soil balance (Kton)

20 40 60 80 100 120 140

N efficiency (%) N balance N efficiency

N in rivers N deposition Nitrogen surplus NO2 concentrations

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49 20-10-2008

N-efficiency of protein consumption for different regions in the world

Nitrogen consumption (kg/cap/year) Nitrogen efficiency (%) in 1995

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50 20-10-2008

Lessons to be learned from EU

  • Effect based approach
  • Integrated assessment for most optimal (cost-effective) measures
  • One size does not fit all
  • Emphasis on technological innovations as well as emphasis on

management, structural, institutional innovations, and integration with economic policies

  • There is need for more effective and efficient environmental policy

measures in EU:

  • Integration of environmental policies needed
  • Integration of agricultural and environmental policies needed
  • More emphasis on increasing resource use efficiency needed through input

control

  • Proper mix of policy instruments needed, targeted to the specific conditions
  • Communicative instruments
  • Economic instruments
  • Regulatory instruments
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51 20-10-2008

Tool box of policy instruments

  • Regulatory measures
  • Limits, pollution standards
  • prohibition of specific methods, tools, techniques
  • public land use planning (zoning/spatial planning)
  • Fertilizer application limits
  • Economic instruments
  • taxes & subsidies, fines
  • price support
  • import/export tarifs
  • tradable rights and quotas
  • Communicative instruments
  • education, demonstration and persuasion
  • co-operative approaches
  • extension services

Instruments