Environmental, Energy Market, and Health Characterization of Four Wood-Fired Hydronic Co-Investigators: John Kinsey, NRMRL Heater Technologies William Linak, NRMRL Ian Gilmour, NHEERL Brian K. Gullett, Ph.D. Dan Loughlin, NRMRL gullett.brian@epa.gov Rebecca Dodder, NRMRL Sukh Sidhu, U. Dayton Michael Hays, NRMRL Dahman Touati, Arcadis Tiffany Yelverton, ORISE Johanna Aurell, NRC Gil Wood, OAQPS Mike Toney, OAQPS Photos: K. Blanchard, EPA/OAQPS Seung-Hyun Cho, ORISE Office of Research and Development NYSERDA – Environmental Monitoring, Evaluation, and Protection. Albany, NY. November 15, 16, 2011.
Project Approach • Test four OWHHs –Common, new, and multi-stage models –Fully characterize emissions, emission factors NYSERDA – Environmental Monitoring, Evaluation, and Protection. Albany, NY. –4/5 Fuel types November 15, 16, 2011. • Test under realistic, homeowner firing scenarios –24 h, cordwood • Health risk characterization • Emission inventory projections for NY • MARKAL technology assessment 1 NYSERDA – Environmental Monitoring, Evaluation, and Protection. Albany, NY. November 15, 16, 2011. NY
Conventional/Single Stage HH NYSERDA – Environmental Monitoring, Evaluation, and Protection. Albany, NY. November 15, 16, 2011. Natural updraft, fan-assisted, single-stage combustion (250,000 BTU/h). Rectangular firebox surrounded by a high capacity water jacket. The gases are forced into a combustion chamber where additional super-heated air is added, increasing the gas temperature. Load demand satisfied by regulation of an air damper. 2
Three Stage HH NYSERDA – Environmental Monitoring, Evaluation, and Protection. Albany, NY. November 15, 16, 2011. Three-stage combustion process (160,000 BTU/h) in which wood is gasified in the primary combustion firebox. The hot gases are forced downward and mixed with super-heated air starting the secondary combustion. Final combustion occurs in a third, high temperature reaction chamber. Like the Conventional/Single Stage HH, this Three Stage HH is regulated by the opening and closing of a temperature controlled air damper. 3
European Two-Stage Pellet Boiler This unit is a pellet burning HH rated at 40 kW (137,000 Btu/hour). Combustion occurs on a round burner plate where primary air is supplied. Secondary air is introduced through a ring above the NYSERDA – Environmental Monitoring, Evaluation, and Protection. Albany, NY. November 15, 16, 2011. burner plate. Fuel is automatically screw-conveyed from the bottom. Operation of the screw feeder is regulated by a thermostat. During normal operation, the fan modulates based on the measured oxygen level in the exhaust gas, maintaining 8-10% oxygen 4
U.S. Two-Stage Downdraft Burner A two-stage heater (150,000 BTU/h) with both gasification and combustion chambers. NYSERDA – Environmental Monitoring, Evaluation, and Protection. Albany, NY. November 15, 16, 2011. Air is added to the firebox continuously and is blown downwards. A thermal storage unit was simulated with the addition of a water/air heat exchanger. 5
Properties Fuel Fuels Pine Red Oak Pellets Ash 0.44% 1.46% 0.52% Loss on Drying (LOD) 9.68% 22.52% 7.24% Volatile Matter 88.50% 84.23% 84.27% Fixed Carbon 11.06% 14.31% 14.11% C: Carbon 51.72% 48.70% 50.10% Cl: Chlorine 36 ppm 38 ppm 44 ppm H: Hydrogen 6.57% 5.96% 5.86% NYSERDA – Environmental Monitoring, Evaluation, and Protection. Albany, NY. N: Nitrogen <0.5% <0.5% <0.5% November 15, 16, 2011. S: Sulfur <0.05% <0.05% <0.5% 6
Pollutant Method(s) Duration Total PM ASTM 2515M5G Integrated run PM mass and size Dilution + TEOM, ASTM 2515 for tot for Real time & size distribution total mass and ELPI for size distributions, ELPI or SMPS HH CO NDIR Method 10B Real time Sampling CO2 NDIR Method 3A Real time and O2 Paramagnetic Method 3A Real time Analytical NYSERDA – Environmental Monitoring, Evaluation, and Protection. Albany, NY. EC/OC NIOSH 5040 Integrated run November 15, 16, 2011. Methods PAHs, SVOCs Method 0010, GC/MS Integrated run GaseousVOCs Summa canister, TO15 Integrated run Aromatics REMPI-TOFMS Real time PCDD/F Method 23 Integrated run THC FID Method 25A Real time CH4 Real time FID with reduction catalyst N2O GC Integrated run 7
HH test facility External sampling platform Internal sampling platform Air pollution system Building wall CEM Indoor sampling duct Flow Measurements Primary Particulate Measurements dilution REMIPI/TOFMS ELPI/TEOM Volatiles EC/OC ATOFMS PAHS Q Stack NYSERDA – Environmental Monitoring, Evaluation, and Protection. Albany, NY. CEM November 15, 16, 2011. Secondary M-23 dilution To 8” OD stack inhalation 10” Stainless duct chambers Heat exchanger Hot water to building Hot water recirculation loop Hot water recirculation loop Hot water recirculation loop Chilled water Q other losses Q output Q input 8
Appliance Heat Load Profile 42000 40000 Output Heat Load (BTU/Hour) 38000 36000 34000 32000 30000 28000 26000 NYSERDA – Environmental Monitoring, Evaluation, and Protection. Albany, NY. 24000 November 15, 16, 2011. Simulated Cycle 22000 Syracuse Heat Load Cycle 20000 -200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 Cumulative Time (min) • The heat load profile used throughout the testing program (non- exposure tests) was derived from Tom Butcher’s Energy-10 simulation for a 2500 sq-ft area home in Syracuse, New York. • This heat load profile was calculated using an average hour per hour heat load for the first two weeks of January. 9
CO and CO 2 Emissions as a function of Syracuse Heat Load Demand, 24 h test Conventional/Single Stage HH, Red Oak CO and CO 2 Concentration (%) 20 16 12 The emission profiles are Damper Open/Close Sequence 8 ~ independent of the heat load. Rather they appear 4 to be primarily related to NYSERDA – Environmental Monitoring, Evaluation, and Protection. Albany, NY. 0 November 15, 16, 2011. the fuel charging cycle under our conditions. 40000 Heat Load Demand (BTU/hr) 36000 32000 28000 24000 2 nd Charge 0 20000 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 Damper Close = Open Damper Open = Gray Conitinuous Burn Time (min) Green = CO2 1 st Charge Blue = CO 10 NYSERDA – Environmental Monitoring, Evaluation, and Protection. Albany, NY. November 15, 16, 2011. NY
Heat Release Rate Representative Run 1000000 200 Outlet Water Temperature Heat Release Rate Inlet Water Temperature 180 o F) Heat Release rate (BTU/hr) 800000 160 Heater Inlet/Outlet Temperature ( Heat release during 140 damper openings 600000 120 NYSERDA – Environmental Monitoring, Evaluation, and Protection. Albany, NY. November 15, 16, 2011. 100 400000 80 60 200000 40 20 0 0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 Run Time (Hours) Conventional/Single Stage HH, Red Oak 11
Heat Release Rate Representative Run 200 5 2.4x10 180 5 2.2x10 ο F) Heat Release rate (BTU/hr) 5 160 Heater Outlet Water Temperature ( 2.0x10 5 1.8x10 140 5 1.6x10 120 5 1.4x10 100 5 1.2x10 NYSERDA – Environmental Monitoring, Evaluation, and Protection. Albany, NY. 5 80 1.0x10 November 15, 16, 2011. 4 8.0x10 60 4 6.0x10 40 4 4.0x10 20 4 2.0x10 0.0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Run Time (hr) Outlet Water Temperature Inlet Water Temperature Heat Release Rate High Heater Temperature Set Point Low Heater Temperature Set Point European 2-Stage Pellet Burner 12
Heat Release Rate Representative Run 600000 220 Outlet Water Temperature Heat Release Rate Set Point Temperature 200 Unit with simulated 500000 180 heat storage has Heat Release Rate (BTU/hr) 160 non-cyclical heat o F) 400000 140 Water temperature ( release. 120 NYSERDA – Environmental Monitoring, Evaluation, and Protection. Albany, NY. 300000 November 15, 16, 2011. 100 80 200000 60 40 100000 20 0 0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 Run Time (Hours) U.S. 2-Stage Downdraft Burner with Thermal Storage 13
Efficiencies Combustion Units Thermal Efficiency (%) Boiler Efficiency Efficiency Average 22 NC 74 Conventional/Single Stage HH/Red Oak STDV 5 3.0 Average 31 NC 87 Conventional/Single Stage HH/Red Oak and refuse STDV 2.2 3.4 Average 29 NC 82 Conventional/Single Stage HH/White NYSERDA – Environmental Monitoring, Evaluation, and Protection. Albany, NY. November 15, 16, 2011. Pine STDV 1.8 3.2 Average 30 NC 86 Three Stage HH/Red Oak STDV 3.2 1.8 Average 44 86 98 European 2-Stage Pellet Burner STDV 4.1 3.5 0.16 Average IM 83 90 U.S. 2-Stage Downdraft Burner Red Oak STDV 0.71 0.79 14 NC = Not calculated. IM = Insufficient measurements taken for this calculation
Mass of Fuel Needed for a 24 Hour Syracuse Heat Load Mass of Fuel Needed for the 24-h Syracuse Heat Load (lbs) 450 400 350 300 250 NYSERDA – Environmental Monitoring, Evaluation, and Protection. Albany, NY. November 15, 16, 2011. 200 150 100 50 0 O P O t t e f W a R R l l r e D H H H P n H H H n w l e a a l o a g e n n D a p o o t o S S i i t t r U n n u e e e E e v v r n n h o o T C C Hydronic Heater Unit and Fuel Type 15
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