EnStorage June 2007 Financially Viable Electric-Energy-Storage - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
EnStorage June 2007 Financially Viable Electric-Energy-Storage Technology Contact: 1 Electric Pow er Storage Applications Renewable energy applications (Wind & Solar) Grid Applications End use applications - Industrial &
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June 2007
Financially Viable Electric-Energy-Storage Technology
Contact:
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Renewable energy applications (Wind & Solar) Grid Applications End use applications - Industrial & Telecom (not covered here)
UPS & emergency power back-up Peak shaving Remote Area Power Supply (RAPS)
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Applications:
Load management / Leveling / peak shaving / Capital deferral Spinning reserve (fast response) System stability and voltage regulation Price arbitrage
Direct replacement to pumped-storage Hydro technology
Usually in conjunction with hydroelectric generation Generally not economical otherwise Israel Electric Company evaluating a 800MW (~8% of peak demand) system ($1.2B) near Dead Sea
EnStorage Advantages over pumped-hydro storage:
3x lower cost Fast response time Short term peak: up to 5x average output Lower footprint No dependence on topography
can be located in proximity to customers distributed storage
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Wind energy cost approaching conventional energy cost
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Wind accounted for 1.5% of global Electricity capacity in 2005
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$19.5B
Wind accounted for 40% of all global renewable energy investments in 2005
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Overcome intermittent nature of wind power
dispatchable power source
“Capacity Firming”
avoid penalties (power below forecast) Utilize power above forecast
Increase Capacity Credit (see Figure) Reduce grid connection rating Enable increase in wind penetration (>20%) Price arbitrage / profit maximization Utilization maximization
Fraction of conventional generation that can be displaced by wind power generation
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ESS Impact on Wind Pow er Cost
69% - depreciation
Goldman Sachs / IEA 10/2006
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Solar Power generation reduces conventional generation requirements
Without Storage With Storage
3000 2000
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Critical Characteristics Power rating (kW, $/kW) Energy Capacity (kWh, $/kWh) Durability (# of charge-discharge cycles) Response time (mS)
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Hydrogen Regenerative Fuel Cell Bromine
Electric Power
Hydrogen Regenerative Fuel Cell
aqueous hydrogen tribromide solution
Electric Power
Hydrogen Regenerative Fuel Cell Aqueous Hydrogen Bromide solution
Electric Power
Hydrogen Regenerative Fuel Cell (FC & Electrolizer)
Electric Power
Power Generation
50kW to 1GW Proprietary Membrane: 3x higher power density 3x lower cost/kW
Energy Storage
200kWh to 4GWh lower cost chemicals 4x lower cost/kWh
3HBr H2+HBr3
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1000cm2 cell (200W) 250 cells in a stack. Stack power – 50KW 1MW/6MWh System footprint: 100m2 (33ft x 33ft) Off the shelf components / manufacturing technologies Hydrogen Catalyst: Pt Alloy No HBr catalyst required
Electrode
Membrane
Membrane-Electrode Assembly (MEA)
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Nano-porous proton-conducting membrane based on Tel Aviv University Technology.
Made of ceramic nano-powder and PVDF PVDF is most compatible to Bromine – used for bromine storage & pipes Nano ceramic powder used for improvement of mechanical properties. Nano size pores are filled with electrolyte for proton conduction.
No conducting groups attached chemically to the membrane – eliminating a major failure mechanism Stable at temperatures above 100C Simple and reproducible manufacturing process. Low cost – $4/M2 Three world records in Fuel Cell power density using this membrane EnStorage ZBB VRB
Internal cell impedance
(Ohm.cm2)
0.1- 0.2 > 3 1.5 - 3 Average/peak power density (mW/cm2) 200 / 1000 32 / 64 60 / 150
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Membrane Production: Continuous Coater
33cm wide sheet
15m2
2/h (30kW/h)
/h (30kW/h)
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EnStorage ZBB VRB
Projected System Price (6h Storage) $500/kW $1800/kW ($3500/kW today) $3300/kW ($4500 today) Extra Storage price $40/kWh >$80/kWh $ 150/kWh Stack Average/peak power density (mW/cm2) 200 / 1000 32 / 64 (only on discharge) 60 / 150 Internal cell impedance
(Ohm.cm2)
0.1- 0.2 > 3 1.5 - 3 Roundtrip Efficiency > 75% < 65% 70-75% Projected Durability (cycles) >10,000 2000 100% DOD required >10,000 Energy Storage Density 50Wh/liter ~70 Wh/liter 20Wh/liter Solution stability stable Low Temp issue (Br Complex) Problem >50oC Response time 5mS 5mS 5mS
Competitive Analysis
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10 10 ,0 0 0 1,0 0 0 10 0 10 0 1,0 0 0 10 ,0 0 0 3,0 0 0 30 0
$ / kW $ / kWh
Source: Energy Storage Association
EnSto rage
VRB
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System Sealed, no emissions, minimal noise No waste generated No heavy metals used Low stack pressure (close to ambient) and low temperature of operation (40 0C) Electrolyte Electrolyte is aqueous solution of HBr, HBr3 and dissolved bromine
90% of the bromine is in the form of HBr3
Vapor pressure of HBr and bromine over the solution is very low (~10-5 & 10-3 atm respectively) Electrolyte stored in double walled tanks. Electrolytes has indefinite life – no disposal issues Storage tanks are designed to meet safety regulations Hydrogen Hydrogen storage according to international safety regulations