EnStorage June 2007 Financially Viable Electric-Energy-Storage Technology Contact: 1
Electric Pow er Storage Applications � Renewable energy applications (Wind & Solar) � Grid Applications � End use applications - Industrial & Telecom (not covered here) � UPS & emergency power back-up � Peak shaving � Remote Area Power Supply (RAPS) 2
Energy Storage in Utilities � Applications: � Load management / Leveling / peak shaving / Capital deferral � Spinning reserve (fast response) � System stability and voltage regulation � Price arbitrage � Direct replacement to pumped-storage Hydro technology � Usually in conjunction with hydroelectric generation � Generally not economical otherwise � Israel Electric Company evaluating a 800MW (~8% of peak demand) system ($1.2B) near Dead Sea � EnStorage Advantages over pumped-hydro storage: � 3x lower cost � Fast response time � Short term peak: up to 5x average output � Lower footprint � No dependence on topography � can be located in proximity to customers � distributed storage 3
Wind energy cost approaching conventional energy cost 4
Target Market: Wind Energy Wind accounted for 1.5% of global Electricity capacity in 2005 5
Annual Wind Installation $19.5B Wind accounted for 40% of all 6 global renewable energy investments in 2005
Energy Storage - Wind � Overcome intermittent nature of wind power � � dispatchable power source � “ Capacity Firming ” � avoid penalties (power below forecast) � Utilize power above forecast � Increase Capacity Credit (see Figure) � Reduce grid connection rating � Enable increase in wind penetration (>20%) � Price arbitrage / profit maximization � Utilization maximization Fraction of conventional generation that can be displaced by wind power generation 7
Pow er arbitrage: Wind Farm + Storage 8
ESS Impact on Wind Pow er Cost 69% - depreciation Goldman Sachs / IEA 10/2006 9
Energy Storage in Solar Without Storage 3000 Solar Power generation reduces conventional generation requirements With Storage 2000 10
Energy Storage Systems Critical Characteristics � Power rating ( kW, $/kW ) � Energy Capacity ( kWh, $/kWh ) � Durability (# of charge-discharge cycles) � Response time (mS) 11
EnStorage ESS system • Totally sealed system Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen • No emissions or solid waste • Infinite electrolyte life • >75% total efficiency Power Generation 50kW to 1GW Regenerative Fuel Cell Electric Electric Electric Electric Regenerative Fuel Cell Regenerative Fuel Cell Regenerative Fuel Cell Power Power Power Power (FC & Electrolizer) Proprietary Membrane: 3x higher power density � 3x lower cost/kW Energy Storage Aqueous Hydrogen aqueous hydrogen 200kWh to 4GWh Bromine tribromide solution Bromide solution lower cost chemicals � 4x lower cost/kWh 3HBr H2+HBr3 12
The System � 1000cm 2 cell (200W) � 250 cells in a stack. � Stack power – 50KW Electrode � 1MW/6MWh System footprint: 100m 2 (33ft x 33ft) Membrane � Off the shelf components / manufacturing Membrane-Electrode technologies Assembly (MEA) � Hydrogen Catalyst: Pt Alloy � No HBr catalyst required 13
EnStorage Proprietary Membrane � Nano-porous proton-conducting membrane based on Tel Aviv University Technology. � Made of ceramic nano-powder and PVDF � PVDF is most compatible to Bromine – used for bromine storage & pipes � Nano ceramic powder used for improvement of mechanical properties. � Nano size pores are filled with electrolyte for proton conduction. � No conducting groups attached chemically to the membrane – eliminating a major failure mechanism � Stable at temperatures above 100C � Simple and reproducible manufacturing process. � Low cost – $4/M 2 � Three world records in Fuel Cell power density using this membrane EnStorage ZBB VRB Internal cell impedance 0.1- 0.2 > 3 1.5 - 3 (Ohm.cm 2 ) Average/peak power 200 / 1000 32 / 64 60 / 150 density (mW/cm 2 ) 14
Membrane Production: Continuous Coater • 33cm wide sheet 33cm wide sheet • 15m 2 2 /h (30kW/h) • 15m /h (30kW/h) • 15
16 EnStorage Vs. VRB
Competitive Analysis EnStorage ZBB VRB $500/kW $1800/kW $3300/kW Projected System Price ($3500/kW today) ($4500 today) (6h Storage) Extra Storage price $40/kWh >$80/kWh $ 150/kWh Stack Average/peak 200 / 1000 32 / 64 (only on 60 / 150 power density (mW/cm 2 ) discharge) Internal cell impedance 0.1- 0.2 > 3 1.5 - 3 (Ohm.cm 2 ) Roundtrip Efficiency > 75% < 65% 70-75% Projected Durability >10,000 2000 >10,000 (cycles) 100% DOD required Energy Storage Density 50Wh/liter ~70 Wh/liter 20Wh/liter Problem >50 o C Solution stability stable Low Temp issue (Br Complex) Response time 5mS 5mS 5mS 17
Competitive analysis 10 ,0 0 0 1,0 0 0 $ / kWh VRB 10 0 EnSto rage 10 10 0 30 0 1,0 0 0 10 ,0 0 0 3,0 0 0 $ / kW 18 Source: Energy Storage Association
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Safety / Environmental System � Sealed, no emissions, minimal noise � No waste generated � No heavy metals used � Low stack pressure (close to ambient) and low temperature of operation (40 0 C) Electrolyte � Electrolyte is aqueous solution of HBr, HBr 3 and dissolved bromine � 90% of the bromine is in the form of HBr 3 � Vapor pressure of HBr and bromine over the solution is very low (~10 -5 & 10 -3 atm respectively) � Electrolyte stored in double walled tanks. � Electrolytes has indefinite life – no disposal issues � Storage tanks are designed to meet safety regulations Hydrogen � Hydrogen storage according to international safety regulations 20
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