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Energy Harvesting Sensor Nodes: Benchmarking And Implications On Transmit Power Adaptation Vishal Prajapati(08305030) Prof. Purushottam Kulkarni MTP Stage - 1 Indian Institute Of Technology, Motivation Related Work Definition

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Energy Harvesting Sensor Nodes: Benchmarking And Implications On Transmit Power Adaptation

Vishal Prajapati(08305030)

  • Prof. Purushottam Kulkarni

Indian Institute Of Technology,

MTP Stage - 1

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SLIDE 2
  • Motivation
  • Related Work
  • Definition
  • 3 components
  • Hardware Design
  • Experiments &

Measurements

  • Algorithm
  • Time Line & Future Work
  • References

2

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SLIDE 3

Motivation

  • Wide usage of the WSNs.
  • Easy deployment in inflexible

environment

  • Used for various applications
  • Habitat monitoring
  • Great Duck Island
  • eFlux on Turtle
  • ZebraNet
  • Trio
  • Volcano monitoring
  • Structural monitoring

3

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Motivation Trade off

Life Of Node Accuracy Big Battery = longer life Lower Accuracy = longer life

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Propose an algorithm for adapting the transmit power for better utilization of available energy based on the measurements derived from custom built harvesting aware sensor node.

Definition

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3 components

  • Hardware Design

– Node architecture

  • Charging circuit
  • Monitor Module
  • Experiments & Measurements

– Charging profiles generation

  • Algorithm

– Transmit Power Adaptation

6

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SLIDE 7

Hardware Design

  • Why Solar

energy ?

  • Which Battery ?
  • Related Work
  • HydroWatch
  • Micro climate

monitoring in deep forest

  • Heliomote
  • Prometheus

Energy Source Characteristics Solar Ambient, Predictable Wind Ambient, Uncontrollable, Predictable RF Energy Ambient, Partially controllable Body Heat, Breathing, Blood Pressure Passive human power, Unpredictable Finger motion Active human power, fully controllable Vibrations Ambient, Unpredictable7

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SLIDE 8

HydroWatch

  • Using solar panels for harvesting
  • 2 NiMH batteries
  • Simple circuit
  • Telosb for monitoring
  • Input and Output regulators
  • Trickle charging

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Heliomote

  • 2 NiMH Batteries
  • MICA2 for logic control
  • Under charge and Overcharge

protection

  • Complex circuit

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Prometheus

  • Lion Battery, super capacitor
  • Pulse charging
  • Complex circuit.
  • Protection for shallow discharge

cycles.

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SLIDE 11

Comparison

Pros Cons Hydrowatch Simple Circuit Lower life Heliomote Overcharging and Undercharging protection Complex circuit Prometheus Log lifetime Complex Design

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Node Architecture

  • Battery – NiMH (2 X AA) – Trickle

charging

  • Solar Panel – 3 V - 165 mA – Amorphous

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Experiments & Measurements

  • Characterizing the solar panel
  • Energy calculation
  • Different environments
  • In CSE building terrace
  • On window facing the sunset.
  • On window facing the sunrise.
  • In woods
  • Different solar panels
  • Different weather condition.
  • Same time different days.

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Solar panel Characterization

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Solar panel Characterization

Because of ZXCT 1010

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Solar panel Characterization

Because of ZXCT 1010

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Energy calculation

– On CSE Terrace Full Day

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Energy calculation

– On CSE Terrace Full Day

Loss of packets

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Energy calculation

– On Window facing Sunset

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SLIDE 20

Energy calculation

– On Window facing Sunset

Because of Clouds

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Energy calculation

– On Window facing Sunrise

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Energy calculation

– In woods

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Energy calculation

– In woods

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Energy calculation – Comparison of solar panels

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Energy calculation – Comparison of solar panels

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Energy calculation

– Comparison of with clouds and without clouds

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Energy calculation

– Comparison of with clouds and without clouds

Because of clouds 27

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Energy calculation

– Comparison of with clouds and without clouds

Because of clouds after the sun set the effect of diffusion 28

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Energy calculation

– Comparison of 10:40 – 11:40 of 2 days.

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Energy calculation

– Comparison of 10:40 – 11:40 of 2 days.

Linear difference of energy collection. 30

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Energy Comparaison

Factors affect the amount of energy gathered by the node.

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Energy Profiles

For Prediction of energy availability in the algorithm

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Algorithm Design

  • Known parameters (Based on

Prediction)

  • Energy profile (harvested energy)
  • Energy profile (usage of energy)
  • Powersave mode
  • Active mode
  • Parameters that can be changed
  • Dutycycle
  • Transmit Power
  • Processing
  • Clustering

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SLIDE 34

Transmit power

  • Most energy consuming component
  • Effects of change in Tx-power
  • Routing
  • Goodput
  • Link quality

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SLIDE 35

Algorithm

Max possible

  • Next recharge

cycle (Harvesting profile)

  • Available energy

(Battery capacity)

  • Usage profile

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Algorithm (Cont…)

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Time Line

  • Current Status
  • Circuit Design (completed)
  • Measurements (Continue)
  • Future Work
  • Algorithm Design and Implementation

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References

  • Sujesha’s Seminar Report 2008. TR-CSE-2008-19
  • Mica, Mica2, Mica2Dot, MicaZ, Telos. http://www.xbow.com/products.
  • Taneja, J., Jeong, J., and Culler, D. 2008. Design, Modeling, and Capacity Planning for Micro-solar Power Sensor
  • Networks. In Proceedings of the 7th international Conference on information Processing in Sensor

Networks (April 22 - 24, 2008). Information Processing In Sensor Networks. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, 407-418. DOI= http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IPSN.2008.67

  • X. Jiang, J. Polastre, and D. Culler. Perpetual Environmentally Powered Sensor Networks. In Fourth International

Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks., pages 463–468, April 2005.

  • Aman Kansal, Jason Hsu, Sadaf Zahedi, and Mani B. Srivastava. Power Management in Energy Harvesting Sensor
  • Networks. Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems, 6(4):32, 2007.
  • G. Werner-Allen, K. Lorincz, M. Ruiz, O. Marcillo, J. Johnson, J. Lees, and M. Welsh. Deploying a Wireless Sensor

Network on an Active Volcano. IEEE Internet Computing, 10(2):18–25, March-April 2006.

  • Alan Mainwaring, David Culler, Joseph Polastre, Robert Szewczyk, and John Anderson. Wireless Sensor Networks

for Habitat Monitoring. In Proceedings of the 1st ACM International Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications, pages 88–97. ACM, 2002.

  • M. Karpiriski, A. Senart, and V. Cahill. Sensor Networks for Smart Roads. In Fourth Annual IEEE International

Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops, pages 5 pp.–,March 2006.

  • TurtleNet. http://prisms.cs.umass.edu/dome/turtlenet.
  • Farhan Simjee and Pai H. Chou. Everlast: Long-life, Supercapacitor-operated Wireless Sensor Node. In

Proceedings of the 2006 International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design, pages 197–202. ACM, 2006.

  • Prabal Dutta, Jonathan Hui, Jaein Jeong, Sukun Kim, Cory Sharp, Jay Taneja, Gilman Tolle, Kamin Whitehouse,

and David Culler. Trio: Enabling Sustainable and Scalable Outdoor Wireless Sensor Network Deployments. In Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks, pages 407–

  • 415. ACM, 2006.

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Thank You Questions ?

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Energy calculation – On CSE Terrace

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Energy calculation – On CSE Terrace

Loss of packets

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Energy calculation – On CSE Terrace

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Energy calculation – Window facing

sunset

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Energy calculation – Window facing

sunset

Because of clouds.

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Energy calculation – Window facing

sunrise

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Charging Circuit

  • ZXCT 1010 – Current Monitor
  • Measures current in voltages

Monitor Module

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Usage and harvesting of energy

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