Empowerment through measurement: local monitoring, science, and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

SLIDE 1

Empowerment through measurement:

local monitoring, science, and conflict management in North Thailand

David Thomas

World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Chiang Mai, Thailand

Pornchai Preechapanya

Department of National Parks, Wildlife & Plant Conservation, Ministry of Natural Resources & Environment, Thailand

Pornwilai Saipothong

World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Chiang Mai, Thailand

Thailand Thailand

SLIDE 2

‘Macro-View’of Forces Driving Land Use Change in North Thailand

SLIDE 3

Dry Dry Dipterocarp Dipterocarp Forest Forest

Mixed Mixed Deciduous Deciduous Forest Forest Hill Evergreen Forest Hill Evergreen Forest & & Coniferous Forest Coniferous Forest Moist Temperate Forest Moist Temperate Forest ( (cloud forest cloud forest) )

Natural Forest Natural Forest

Highlands Lowlands Midlands

Dry Dry Dipterocarp Dipterocarp Forest Forest

Mixed Mixed Deciduous Deciduous Forest Forest Hill Evergreen Forest Hill Evergreen Forest & & Coniferous Forest Coniferous Forest Moist Temperate Forest Moist Temperate Forest ( (cloud forest cloud forest) )

Natural Forest Natural Forest

Highlands Lowlands Midlands

Land Use Land Use 2000 2000 Land Use Land Use 2000 2000

Short cultivation Short cultivation

• - short fallow

short fallow “ “Rotational

Rotational” ” Shifting Shifting

1-2 years cultivation

• - 10+ years fallow

“ “Pioneer Pioneer” ” Shifting Shifting

Long cultivation <+/- opium>

• - very long (abandoned) fallow

uncultivated uncultivated

Hmong Lisu Akha etc. Karen Lua Khmu Northern Thai

• re
• re 1960

1960 Land Use Bef Land Use Bef

m.a.s.l.

(approx)

paddy paddy

paddy

300 300 600 600 1000 1000 1200 1200 1600 1600 1800 1800

[ [ Jungle Tea Jungle Tea agroforest agroforest ] ] Short cultivation Short cultivation

• - short fallow

short fallow “ “Rotational

Rotational” ” Shifting Shifting

1-2 years cultivation

• - 10+ years fallow

“ “Pioneer Pioneer” ” Shifting Shifting

Long cultivation <+/- opium>

• - very long (abandoned) fallow

uncultivated uncultivated

Hmong Lisu Akha etc. Karen Lua Khmu Northern Thai

• re
• re 1960

1960 Land Use Bef Land Use Bef

m.a.s.l.

(approx)

paddy paddy

paddy

300 300 600 600 1000 1000 1200 1200 1600 1600 1800 1800

[ [ Jungle Tea Jungle Tea agroforest agroforest ] ]

w paddy

A A) ) Grasslands Grasslands

Government Policies Government Policies: :

• Forest Land Zoning

Forest Land Zoning

• Watershed Classification

Watershed Classification

• Narcotics & Nat

Narcotics & Nat. . Security Security

• Stop shifting cultivation

Stop shifting cultivation D D) ) Temperate Temperate/ /Sub Sub-

• Topical Fruit Trees

Topical Fruit Trees C C) ) Intensive commercial vegetables Intensive commercial vegetables

• - cabbage/carrots or high-value

B B) ) Pine reforestation Pine reforestation

Mixtures of Mixtures of: :

B B) ) Permanent upland fields Permanent upland fields

• - crop rotations
• - fragmenting land holdings

A A) ) Continuous field crops Continuous field crops B B) ) Tree crops Tree crops

paddy paddy

A A) ) Shortened Shortened“ “Rotational Rotational” ” Shifting Shifting

• - 3 to 7 year fallow

w paddy

A A) ) Grasslands Grasslands

Government Policies Government Policies: :

• Forest Land Zoning

Forest Land Zoning

• Watershed Classification

Watershed Classification

• Narcotics & Nat

Narcotics & Nat. . Security Security

• Stop shifting cultivation

Stop shifting cultivation D D) ) Temperate Temperate/ /Sub Sub-

• Topical Fruit Trees

Topical Fruit Trees C C) ) Intensive commercial vegetables Intensive commercial vegetables

• - cabbage/carrots or high-value

B B) ) Pine reforestation Pine reforestation

Mixtures of Mixtures of: :

B B) ) Permanent upland fields Permanent upland fields

• - crop rotations
• - fragmenting land holdings

A A) ) Continuous field crops Continuous field crops B B) ) Tree crops Tree crops

paddy paddy

A A) ) Shortened Shortened“ “Rotational Rotational” ” Shifting Shifting

• - 3 to 7 year fallow

SLIDE 4

SLIDE 5

Sub-Districts (TAO) Sub-Watersheds in different colors

Mae Chaem Sub-Basin

National Park

reservoir

C

• a

s t a l a r e a s

Lowland below reservoir L

• w

l a n d a b

• v

e r e s e r v

• i

r

Lower Mountain Slopes Upper Mountain Slopes

Needs & Perceptions Depend on “Macro-Landscape” Position in Larger River Basins

General tendency; Looking upstream for the source of water- related problems

SLIDE 6

Major concerns, fears and uncertainties leading to tension and conflict in local upland tributary sub-watersheds

Major concerns & uncertainties:

• Decreasing dry season stream flow?
• Water pollution from upstream chemical use?
• Increased sedimentation of irrigation structures?
• Increase chances of flash floods & landslides?

Major concerns & uncertainties:

• No land use security
• Expansion of protected forest areas
• Policy to end all forms of shifting cultivation
• Water pollution from upstream chemical use?
• Upstream competition for water?

Major concerns & uncertainties:

• No land use security
• Expansion of protected forest areas
• Increasing competition for dry season stream flow?
• Downstream worries about chemical use
• Downstream worries about flash floods & landslides?

SLIDE 7

The 25 official river basins and 255

• fficial river

sub-basins

Must build on foundation of:

• Local sub-watersheds
• Local management networks
• Local government support

New Basin Management Approach

Success depends effective

Upstream –Downstream Negotiations

Conducted in a fair & equitable manner

SLIDE 8

Relationships among local institutions related to natural resource mgt

Decentralized agency units

TAO

elected sub-district administration org

“Prachakom” People’s Organizations

Local initiative

• rganizations

Units of central agencies

• MoNRE
• MoAC
• Others

District Officer Kamnan Village headman

Cultural / Ethnic groupings

Ministries

Governor

Agency-induced

• rganizations

Command Coordinate Network Monitor

elected provinc ial & district assemblies

Local Watershed Management networks

SLIDE 9

Combining Science & Local Knowledge to Strengthen Local Institutions & Multi-Level Understanding & Communications

• 1. Mapping

Community defined land use categories and boundaries

• 2. Community-

based monitoring of watershed services Examples presented today:

SLIDE 10

Mapping Village Views

• f land use zones

Using science-based tools to improve communication and facilitate negotiations for land use security

• 7 local sub-watersheds
• 125 settlements
• 53 admin villages
• 1,400 sq km

SLIDE 11

GI GIS B Base M Map: DEM, River/Stream, Road, Village location, land use maps, etc.

Prelim elimina inary La Land us use ma map Pre Prelim iminar ary Vi Village e bo bounda dary ma map p

Data into GIS and associated software Field visits, observation, informal interview and discussion with stakeholders Data assimilation [GIS techniques] Consultation with the communities and other key stakeholders Participatory mapping process [GIS team and the communities within the watershed]

Village District office further analyses and studies Watershed network Local governance unit Out Output ut m maps: s: Landuse map, village boundary map, infrastructure map, forest types map, etc.

SLIDE 12

Village settlement Paddy fields Upland crop fields Village protected forest Cemetery forest grove Subsistence use forest

SLIDE 13

Village settlement Paddy fields Upland crop fields Birth forest grove Forest fallow fields Cemetery forest Village protected forest Subsistence use forest

SLIDE 14

Village settlement Paddy fields Upland crop fields Village protected forest Cemetery forest grove Subsistence use forest Planted forest

SLIDE 15

Matching Village Categories with Land Use Monitoring Tools

aggregate local categories

Planted + other

900 forest without further designation 940 government forest plantings 930 village forest rehabilitation areas

Community Protected

910 community protected forest 911 birth spirit forest groves 912 cemetery forest groves 913 other spiritual groves

Subsistence Use

920 community subsistence use forest 950 community forest 914 'food bank' forest

Fallow

320 regenerating forest fallow areas

Grass

330 grassland areas

Orchards

242 fruit tree gardens and orchards

Upland fields

220 current cultivated field crop areas 230 specific upland vegetable areas

Paddy fields

210 bunded paddy fields 500 village 'urban' housing areas 400 areas of mining operations 600 water

Policy – Oriented Aggregations of Villager – defined Land Use Zoning Categories

aggregate air photo categories

Forest Areas

Planted + Other

140 forest plantation

Forest

100 forest 150 disturbed forest

Other Uncultivated Areas

Fallow

321 young fallow 322 old fallow

Grass

330 grassland areas

Cultivated Fields

Orchards

242 fruit trees

Upland fields

220 upland crop fields 230 upland vegetables 310 bare soil

Paddy fields

210 bunded paddy fields

Settlement Areas

500 village house areas

Other

700 clouds / unknown 600 water

Matched Aggregations

• f Air Photo

Land Use Categories

SLIDE 16

Mae Raek: Forest fallow shifting cultivation All transformed to Permanent Fields

Understanding & Clarifying Historical Land Use Change

SLIDE 17

Mae Raek: Shifting cultivation transformed to permanent fields

Mae Raek Watershed - 5,210 ha

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 1954 1976 1984 1996 2001 Mature forest Forest fallow fields Grassland Upland crop fields Paddy fields

More permanent forest – Success!! But also less total forest, more upland crops and more chemical use

SLIDE 18

Mae Tum: Forest fallow shifting cultivation Persists with 5 - 9 year cycles

Understanding & Clarifying Historical Land Use Change

SLIDE 19

Mae Tum: Forest fallow shifting cultivation with 5 – 9 year cycles

Mae Tum Watershed - 14,770 ha

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

1954 1976 1984 1996 2002

Mature forest Forest fallow fields Grassland Upland crop fields Paddy fields

Has rotational forest fallow shifting cultivation really been a major cause of rapid deforestation?

SLIDE 20

MY 1 - Hmong - 3,710 ha

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

1954 1976 1984 1996 2002

MS 2 - Hmong - 956 ha

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

1954 1976 1984 1996 2001

MS 12 - Karen-Hmong - 477 ha

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

1954 1976 1984 1996 2001

Mature forest Forest fallow fields Grassland Upland crop fields Paddy fields

SLIDE 21

Community-based monitoring

• f watershed services from

agroforestry landscapes

Using science-based tools to improve communication and facilitate negotiations

• n using and maintaining

watershed services Pilot Sites 2000 - 2003

SLIDE 22

Community monitoring of rainfall, temperature & relative humidity

Water bottle rain gauge Simple min/max & wet/dry thermometers

Sirikit Plantation Mae Yot Research Station Mae Kong Kha Mong Luang Mae Sa Pha Phueng POU Na Yang Din MC district Ob Luang

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Station Elevation (meter)

100 200 300 400 500 600 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 100 200 300 400 500 600 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 100 200 300 400 500 600 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 100 200 300 400 500 600 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 100 200 300 400 500 600 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 100 200 300 400 500 600 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 100 200 300 400 500 600 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 100 200 300 400 500 600 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 100 200 300 400 500 600 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 100 200 300 400 500 600 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 100 200 300 400 500 600 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

Village rainfall data compared to instrumented rainfall stations

SLIDE 23

Community monitoring of water quality using biological indicators

Identification Key for Aquatic Invertebrates

• - published by Green World Foundation

Mean Monthly Water Quality Indicator Index Values, 2001 – 2003

Very clean Rather clean average Rather dirty Dirty Very dirty

• 1.0

2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

Jan Feb Mar April May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2001 2002 2003

MY: Ban Huai Khi Proe MY: Ban Pang Ung MY: Ban Pha La Pi Tai MS: Kong Kan MS: Pui Nua MR: Ban Yang Luang MR: Ban Lao Phak Huat MR: Ban Sam Sop Bon MK: Ban Pha Phung MK: Ban Na Yang Din MK: Ban Mong Laung MK: Ban Mae Kong Kha

SLIDE 24

Community monitoring of stream flow, sediment & soil erosion Stream depth & surface flow velocity Stream water Turbidity Simple measurements of soil erosion & deposition

SLIDE 25

Drawing on local & scientific knowledge to identify additional biological indicators of environmental quality

ชื่อพื้นเมือง ปูห้วย ชื่ออื่น ปูลำห้วย

, Freshwater Crab

ชื่อวิทยาศาสตร์

F.Parathelphusidae

พฤติกรรม ชอบอาศัยอยู่ในน้ำใส และน้ำไหลช้า เป็นตัวชี้วัด น้ำเป็นน้ำสะอาด ตัวชี้วัด น้ำในลำธารและแม่น้ำเป็นน้ำสะอ าด ชื่อพื้นเมื อง เต่าปูลู ชื่ออื่น ชื่อวิทยาศาสตร์

Platysternon megacephalum

พฤติกรรม ชอบอาศัยอยู่ในน้ำใส

ตัวชี้วัด

น้ำในลำธารและแม่น้ำเป็นน้ำสะอาด ชื่อพื้นเมือง โต๊กโต ชื่ออื่น ตู๊กแก ชื่อวิทยาศาสตร์

Gekko gecko

พฤติกรรม ถ้าร้องพร้อมกันหลายๆ ตัว แสดงว่าฝนจะตก

3วัน

• 7วัน

ตัวชี้วัด การตกของฝน ชื่อพื้นเมือง เขียด ชื่ ออื่น เขียด ชื่อวิทยาศาสตร์

Phrynoglossus sp.

พฤติกรรม ถ้าร้องพร้อมกันหลายๆ ตัว แสดงว่าฝนจ

3วัน

• 7วัน

ตัวชี้วัด การตกของฝน

ชื่อพื้นเมือง กูดเกี๊ยะ ชื่ออื่น เหวอะ

(ละว้า )

ชื่อวิทยาศาสตร์

Pteridium aquilinum

ตัวชี้วัด ดินขาดธาตุอาหาร

ขึ้นได้ในดินที่เป็นกรด แต่ไม่ค่อยพบที่ขึ้นตามบริเวณ

ชื่อพื้นเมือง ฟาน ชื่ออื่น เก้ง

, Barking deer

ชื่อวิทยาศาสตร์

Muntiacus sp.

ตัวชี้วัด สภาพป่าเต็งรัง ป่าดิบเขา เป็น ป่าที่สมบูรณ์ ชื่อ นกกวัก ชื่ออื่น

White-breasted Waterhen

ชื่อวิทยาศาสตร์

Amaurornis phoenicurus

ตัวชี้วัด คุณภาพสิ่งแวดล้อมดี สภาพแวดล้อมโดยทั่วไป มและสน หญ้ามาก มีที่อยู่อาศัยหากินของนกมาก ประชากรไม่ห กวน อากาศดีและน้ำในแหล่งน้ำสะอาด ชื่อพื้นเมือง แมงแม่แดด ชื่ออื่นๆ ชื่อวิทยาศาสตร์

F.Cerambysidae

พฤติกรรม ถ้ามีฝนตกติดต่อกกันหลายวัน แล้วปราก ฝนจะหยุดตกภายใน

3วัน

• 7วัน

ตัวชี้วัด การหยุดตกของฝน ชื่อพื้นเมือง ปลาสูด ชื่ออื่น ปลากระสูบขีด

, Banden Barb

ชื่อวิทยาศาสตร์

Hampala macrolepidota

SLIDE 26

Assessing community monitoring data and problems

Type of Data Problem

• Some data differs by location

Local Environmental Knowledge

• Some data needs to be collected only once or once per year

Soil Erosion

• Field cultivation activities disturb poles for soil erosion bridge
• solution may be to use cement to make stronger base for poles

Water Quality

• Cannot collect data at points in season of very heavy stream flow
• Maximum/Minimum temperature markers sometimes have problem

Temperature & Humidity

• Sometimes wet temperature higher than dry temperature

Rainfall

• Rain gauge capacity too small for some periods of constant heavy rainfall

Stream Depth

• Cannot collect data during heavy stream flow

Stream Temperature

• No data possible during dry season when no water

Stream Velocity

• Difficult to collect when stream expands during heavy rain periods
• Not yet been able to use data

Turbidity & Sediment

• Do not yet see how data can be used

Assessment of Monitoring Performance & Data Quality 1 2 3 4 Temperature Humidity Rainfall Water Temperature Water Velocity Water Depth Turbidity & Sediment Water Quality Soil Erosion Local Knowledge

Mean Score of Villages

Mae Raek Mae Kong Kha Mae Suk Mae Yot

SLIDE 27

Village views on community monitoring data collection

Data collection that should continue Data collection that should stop

• Temperature & Relative Humidity
• Stream Velocity
• Rainfall
• Turbidity & Sediment
• Water Quality
• Stream Depth
• Stream Temperature
• Soil Erosion
• Local Environmental Knowledge

Opinion on Usefulness

• f Data (Percent)

Type of Data Known Not Known

1 Temperature & Relative Humidity 100

• 2

Rainfall 100

• 3

Water Quality 100

• 4

Stream Depth 42 58 5 Water Temperature 42 58 6 Stream Velocity

• 100

7 Turbidity & Sediment

• 100

8 Soil Erosion

• 100

9 Local Environmental Knowledge 100

SLIDE 28

Key factors affecting quality of community monitoring

Watershed services data Convenience of communications Land use practices of various ethnic groups at various locations

W a t e r sh e d n e t w

• r

k

Compensation for time spent Suitable monitoring tools Knowledge received from extension staff Other Factors, such as time demand of other livelihood activities that prevent data collection on some days Primary factor Secondary factor Personal Responsibility Watershed services data Convenience of communications Land use practices of various ethnic groups at various locations

W a t e r sh e d n e t w

• r

k

Compensation for time spent Suitable monitoring tools Knowledge received from extension staff Other Factors, such as time demand of other livelihood activities that prevent data collection on some days Primary factor Secondary factor Primary factor Secondary factor Personal Responsibility

SLIDE 29

Sub-Districts (TAO) Sub-Watersheds in different colors

Mae Chaem Sub-Basin

National Park

reservoir

C

• a

s t a l a r e a s

Lowland below reservoir L

• w

l a n d a b

• v

e r e s e r v

• i

r

Lower Mountain Slopes Upper Mountain Slopes

Needs & Perceptions Depend on “Macro-Landscape” Position in Larger River Basins We are now exploring with the Ping River Basin Project, ways in which these types of tools can be incorporated into their efforts to develop long-term multi-level management organizations

SLIDE 30

Thank You!

Thailand Thailand