Economic Empowerment, 2001 2017 Risenga Maluleke - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Gender Series Volume IV: Economic Empowerment, 2001–2017

Risenga Maluleke Statistician-General 27 September 2018

ABOUT THIS REPORT

Provides analysis relating to gender disparities in economic empowerment Analysis in economic empowerment over the past 16-17 years to ascertain progress made towards gender equality Data sources: Quarterly Labour Force Survey, March 2001,Q1: 2008, Q1: 2017; GHS 2002, 2009 and 2017 and administrative data sources RSA constitution, National Development Plan, Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act (2000), Employment Equity Act (1998); Beijing Platform of Action, Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)

ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT

Representation in decision-making positions is key for inclusive planning Both women and men The power to make and act on economic decisions Considered one of the most powerful tools that can be used to reduce poverty, achieve and advance the rights of women

Economic Empowerment Economic contribution Market Participation Resource Equity Governance Representation Justice

Source: World Bank

Details gender disparities in market participation Focus on representation in decision-making positions

ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT

Economic Contribution

67,4%

Male; 66,6%

55,0%

Female 54,5%

60,8% 60,5%

2001 2017

MALES AND FEMALES PARTICIPATED AT LOWER RATES IN 2017 THAN IN 2001.

The gap between male and female participation rates was slightly lower in 2017 (12,1 percentage points)

Labour force participation rate by sex (2001 and 2017)

Source: LFS March 2001 and QLFS Q1: 2017

74,4 74,0 25,0 35,0 45,0 55,0 65,0 75,0 2001 2017 62,0% 61,7% 2001 2017 55,7%

50,6%

2001 2017 44,9% 40,1% 2001 2017

Male Urban Female Urban

NOTICEABLE DECREASES IN PARTICIPATION RATES OF MALES AND FEMALES RESIDING IN URBAN AND RURAL AREAS BETWEEN 2001 AND 2017. The biggest

decrease was observed amongst males (5,6 percentage points) and females living in rural areas (4,8 percentage points)

Male Rural

Female Rural

Geographical breakdown of labour force participation

Source: LFS March 2001 and QLFS Q1: 2017

61,3% 51,2% 48,3% 40,1% 76,0% 77,8% 63,6% 60,7% 89,6% 94,4% 85,3% 84,1% 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Males None Male at least one Females None Female at least one

Less Than Matric Matric Matric Less Than Matric

Tertiary Tertiary

HIGHER LEVELS OF EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT LINKED TO HIGHER LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATES, IRRESPECTIVE OF THE PRESENCE OF MINOR CHILDREN.

Labour force participation rate by presence of minor children

Source: LFS March 2001 and QLFS Q1: 2017

Source: LFS March 2001 and QLFS Q1: 2017

THERE WAS AN INCREASE IN THE EMPLOYMENT RATE OF FEMALES IN GAUTENG AND THE WESTERN CAPE. National employment rates declined by 2,6

percentage points for males and 2,1 percentage points for females.

Change in Employment rate by province and gender, 2001-2017

• 17,4
• 10,4
• 8,9
• 5,6
• 3,6
• 3,5
• 2,6

1 2,1 10,2

• 9
• 8,7
• 9,7
• 4,9

1,7

• 1,7
• 2,1
• 0,6

1,6

• 2,1
• 20
• 15
• 10
• 5

5 10 15

NC FS KZN MP GP NW RSA EC WC LP

Male Female

THE GENDER GAP NARROWED FROM 0,88 TO 0,92 AMONGST MALES AND FEMALE GRADUATES OVER THE 16-YEAR PERIOD.

Gender parity of employment rate by population group and educational attainment

0,8 0,82 0,94 0,8 0,8 0,96 0,3 0,68 0,84 0,54 0,78 0,9

0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1 Less than matric Matric Tertiary Black African Coloured Indian/Asian White

Source: LFS March 2001 and QLFS Q1: 2017

43,4% 56,6%

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Social studies/Health science

51,8% 48,2% 37,7% 62,3%

Arts and education/hospitality

32,2% 67,8%

52,8 47,2 Economic and management sciences 38,5 61,5 73,3 26,7

Physical/ mathematical/engineering sciences

74,5 25,5

IN 2001 AND 2017, MOST EMPLOYED GRADUATES WHO HAD QUALIFIED IN ARTS AND EDUCATION/HOSPITALITY, WERE FEMALE. Employed graduates who had

qualified in the Physical/mathematical/engineering sciences were mostly male.

Social Studies/Health Science Arts and education/hospitality Economic and management sciences Physical/ mathematical/ engineering sciences Share in employment by field of study, 2001 and 2017

Female Male

Source: LFS March 2001 and QLFS Q1: 2017

20 40 60 80 100

Skilled agriculture Plant and machine operator Craft and related trade Manager Professional Sales and services Technician Elementary Clerk Domestic worker

14,4% 13,6% 10,0% 34,3% 50,8% 49,7% 55,0% 41,9% 72,2% 96,3% 20 40 60 80 100

THERE WAS A 13,7 PERCENTAGE POINT INCREASE FOR WOMEN HOLDING MANAGERIAL POSITIONS. Working for households as domestic workers was more common among

females than males

Share in occupation (female) 2001-2017

Occupation 2001

95,4% 69,5% 52,8% 51,6% 50,5% 47,5% 20,6% 19,7% 14,9% 12,4%

Source: LFS March 2001 and QLFS Q1: 2017

Female 2001 Female 2017

Source: QLFS Q1: 2017

3,3% 1,5%

32,6% 21,9%

Informal 64% Informal 77% Male Female 2017

THREE IN FOUR FEMALES OPERATED BUSINESSES IN THE INFORMAL SECTOR.

Employers and own-account workers by sector, 2017

Formal Formal Agriculture Agriculture

54,1 % 76,9 %

A HIGHER PROPORTION OF MALES WERE EMPLOYERS, WHILE FEMALES WERE MORE LIKELY TO BE OWN ACCOUNT WORKERS

Employers and own-account workers by number of employees

NO EMPLOYEES BETWEEN 1 AND 4 EMPLOYEES BETWEEN 5 AND 19 EMPLOYEES

20 AND MORE EMPLOYEES 28,0% 15,2%

4,1% 0,9%

13,9% 6,9% Male Female

Source: LFS March 2001 and QLFS Q1: 2017

27,5% 23,4% 26,3% 28,3% 31,7% 34,7% 32,4% 39,7% 31,5%

16,8% 19,9% 25,4% 25,4% 27,2% 28,7% 29,4% 32,0% 32,8%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% LP WC KZN NW GP MP NC FS EC

Males Females

UNEMPLOYMENT RATES WERE HIGHER FOR FEMALES THAN MALES IN 2017

Provincial unemployment rate

Source: QLFS Q1: 2017

19,1% 19,8% 20,0% 27,4% 23,7% 24,8% 24,8% 34,2%

15 20 25 30 35 40

Male None Male at least one Female None Female at least

• ne

FEMALES WITH MINOR CHILDREN IN THEIR HOUSEHOLDS WERE MORE LIKELY TO BE UNEMPLOYED THAN MALES. Between 2001 and 2017, the gender parity

ratio for unemployed males and females with or without minor children, remained virtually unchanged

Unemployment by presence of minor children

Male 2017 Male 2001 Female 2017 Female 2001

Source: LFS March 2001 and QLFS Q1: 2017

FEMALES WERE MORE LIKELY TO BE IN LONG-TERM UNEMPLOYMENT IN 2017 THAN THEIR MALE COUNTERPARTS.

Duration of unemployment by gender, 2017

62,5% 69,2% 37,5% 30,8% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Male Female

Source: QLFS Q1:2017

Short term Long term

95,8% 3,6% 0,6% 93,4% 0,7% 5,9% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Remittance Money previously saved Social grant

BETWEEN 2001 AND 2017, OVER 90% OF UNEMPLOYED MALES AND FEMALES RELIED ON REMITTANCES FOR THEIR SURVIVAL. 5,9% of females

relied on social grants as a means of survival.

Source: QLFS Q1:2017

Means of survival of unemployed persons, 2017

52,4% 4,8% 15,1% 9,4% 18,3% 37,6% 27,8% 9,4% 9,9% 15,3%

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Student Homemaker Health Reasons Too

• ld/young

Discouraged

Male Female

ALMOST A THIRD OF FEMALES RATED HOME MAKING AS REASONS FOR

• INACTIVITY. Discouragement was the second-most cited reason for inactivity amongst males.

Reasons for inactivity by sex, 2017

Source: QLFS Q1: 2017

Resource Equity

WESTERN CAPE FEMALE HOUSEHOLD HEADS EXPERIENCED BIGGEST CHANGES IN RECEIPT OF GOVERNMENT HOUSING SUBSIDIES BETWEEN 2002 AND 2017

Percentage point change of female households heads that benefited from government housing subsidy by province, 2002 and 2017

• 0,8%
• 0,5%

2,6% 7,2% 9,2% 9,7% 9,8% 9,9% 17,5%

• 5

5 10 15 20

LP MP KZN EC FS NW NC GP WC

Source: LFS March 2001 and QLFS Q1: 2017

Source: GHS,2017

9,9% 7,7% 41,2% 37,5% 58,8% 71,8% 53,3% 60,9% 31,3% 20,5% 5,5% 1,7%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Male Female Male Female Urban Non urban

LSM 8-10 LSM 5-7 LSM 1-4

THE SOCIO ECONOMIC STATUS OF NEARLY A THIRD OF HOUSEHOLDS HEADED BY MALES RESIDING IN URBAN AREAS WAS CONSIDERED HIGH, COMPARED TO A FIFTH OF HOUSEHOLDS HEADED BY FEMALES.

Living standards measure by sex of household head and geo-type, 2017

50,6% 67,6% 48,6% 49,4% 32,4% 51,4%

0,0 20,0 40,0 60,0 80,0 100,0

Bank Account Informal savings Investment savings

Female Male

Exclusive/ joint ownership of financial assets, 2017

TWO THIRDS OF INVESTORS IN INFORMAL SAVINGS LIKE STOKVELS WERE FEMALE (67,6%) IN 2017

Source: QLFS Q1: 2017

Governance

48,5% 51,4%

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

GENDER PARITY HAS ALMOST BEEN ACHIEVED FOR MINISTERIAL POSITIONS.

Decision making positions in government,2017

Female ministers Male ministers

Sources: Cabinet South Africa, GCIS, 2017

55,6% 54,9% 11,1% 11,1% 41,3% 55,6%

44,4% 45,1% 88,9% 88,9% 58,7% 44,4%

0,0 20,0 40,0 60,0 80,0 100,0

Premier MEC Speaker Deputy Speaker Chief/ Deputy whip Other members of parliarment

Percentage

Male Female

44,4% OF PREMIERS HEADING PROVINCES IN SOUTH AFRICA WERE FEMALE IN 2018.

Composition of provincial legislatures, 2018

Source: Provincial legislatures, 2018

27% 28% 36% 39% 48% 50% 50% 51% 59%

WC KZN GP NC FS MP NW EC LP

FOUR IN EVERY TEN MAYORS ARE WOMEN. Appointments were

equally distributed in Mpumalanga, Eastern Cape and North West, while wide gaps were observed in Western Cape and KwaZulu-Natal

Source: Non-financial census of municipalities, 2017

42%

Percentage of municipal mayors who are female, 2017

107 of 257 mayors

Female Male

National Provincial

60,0 72,7 53,8 62,4 40,0 27,3 46,2 37,6 0,0 20,0 40,0 60,0 80,0 100,0 Constitutional Court Supreme Court of Appeal Labour Court Provinces

Source: Department of Justice, October 2017

South African Court judges and advocates by sex, 2017

THERE IS LOW REPRESENTATION OF FEMALES IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN JUSTICE

• SYSTEM. Less than a third (27,3%)of employed supreme court judges or advocates were female.

RECAP

UNEMPLOYMENT IN WOMEN GENDER PARITY IN DWELLING OWNERSHIP

Males participate at higher rates. Highest female participation rates found in:

• Lived in urban areas
• Highest between 35-

44 years (80,2%) Good gender equity progress on ministerial positions and provincial

• legislature. Equity at

municipal level is still problematic. Between 2002 and 2017, higher percentage of female headed households received government housing subsidies Unemployment generally increase poverty. Unemployment rate higher for women than for men. Economic Empowerment, 2001–2017

LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION GOVERNANCE

THANK YOU