Emerging Capital Markets AG907 M.Sc. Investment & Finance - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Emerging Capital Markets AG907

M.Sc. Investment & Finance M.Sc. International Banking & Finance Lecture 1 – Defining & Characterizing Emerging Capital Markets

I g n a c i o R e q u e j o – G l a s g o w , 2 0 1 0 / 2 0 1 1

Overview of Lecture

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Definition of Emerging Markets
• 3. About the Indices
• 4. Characteristics of Emerging Markets

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• 1. Introduction

Emerging financial markets ⇒ Several definitions Importance of emerging capital markets

• No clear guidelines for valuation of assets & securities

in emerging markets

• Different

from developed markets: transparency, governance, liquidity, volatility, transaction costs, etc.

• Increasing investment flows to emerging markets
• Faster rate of economic growth

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• 2. Definition of Emerging Markets

Tier of economies below developed economies S&P/IFC indices ⇒ Emerging markets should meet one of the following two criteria

• Low-, lower-middle, or upper-middle income economy

as defined by World Bank (World Bank’s main classification criterion ⇒ GNI per capita)

• Low investable market capitalisation relative to most

recent GDP figures

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• 2. Definition of Emerging Markets

S&P/IFC indices ⇒ Developed markets should meet both

• f the following conditions
• GNI per capita exceeds the World Bank’s upper-middle

income threshold for at least three consecutive years

• Investable market capitalization to GDP in the top 25

percent of the emerging market universe for three consecutive years S&P/IFC indices use other criteria to categorise countries into developed, emerging, frontier & unclassified markets

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• 3. About the indices
• S&P

Global BMI covers approximately 10,000 companies in 45 countries

• MSCI ACWI IMI covers over 9,000 securities in 45

countries

• In both cases all 45 countries are classified as either

developed or emerging

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S&P Emerging BMI

• S&P

Global BMI covers approximately 10,000 companies in 45 countries

• All listed stocks ⇒ at least US$ 100 million in float

adjusted market capitalization & value traded of at least US$ 50 million for last 12-months

• 45 constituent countries classified as developed or

emerging ⇒ S&P Developed BMI and S&P Emerging BMI

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S&P Global BMI: Countries

S&P Developed BMI

• North America: CAN, USA
• Europe: AUS, BEL, DEN,

FIN, FRA, GER, GRE, IRE, ITA, LUX, NET, NOR, POR, SPA, SWE, SWI, UK

• Asia Pacific: AUS, HK,

JAP, NZ, SIN, SK

• Middle East & Africa: ISR

S&P Emerging BMI

• Latin America: BRA,

CHILE, MEX, PER

• Europe: CR, HUN, POL,

RUS, TUR

• Asia Pacific: CHI, INDI,

INDO, MAL, PHI, TAIW, THAI

• Middle East & Africa:

EGY, MOR, SA

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S&P Global BMI

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S&P IFCI

• Liquid and investable subset of S&P Emerging Plus

BMI ⇒ S&P Emerging BMI plus South Korea

• Company eligibility criteria ⇒ a stock must have float-

adjusted market capitalization of US$ 200 million or greater (constituents that fall below US$ 200 million but remain above US$ 150 million remain in the index)

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S&P IFCI

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S&P Emerging BMI vs. S&P IFCI

S&P Emerging BMI S&P IFCI

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S&P Frontier Indices

• Equity markets with less liquid stocks from lesser

known emerging markets

• Include S&P Frontier BMI, S&P Extended Frontier 150

and S&P Select Frontier

• S&P

Frontier BMI measures performance

• f

37 relatively small & illiquid markets (individual country indices include all publicly listed equities representing at least 80% of market capitalization in each market)

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S&P Frontier BMI

Country coverage Index portfolio characteristics

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MSCI Developed Markets Indices

The MSCI World Index covers over 6,000 securities in 24 developed markets countries, spanning large, mid, small and micro cap securities which can be segmented across styles and sectors Country coverage

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MSCI Emerging Markets Indices

The MSCI Emerging Markets Indices cover over 2,600 securities in 21 markets currently classified as EM countries spanning large, mid and small cap securities and can be segmented across styles and sectors Country coverage

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MSCI Frontier Markets Indices

The MSCI Frontier Markets Indices include 31 countries taking investability requirements into consideration within each market and comprising large, mid and small cap representation Country coverage

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MSCI International Equity Indices

(Country & Market Coverage)

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MSCI ACWI IMI Index

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MSCI Indices – Evolution

Country Indices Market Reclassification Date*

MSCI Israel Index From Emerging to Developed Markets May 2010 MSCI Bangladesh Index From Standalone to Frontier Markets May 2010 MSCI Argentina Index From Emerging to Frontier Markets May 2009 MSCI Pakistan Index** From Standalone to Frontier Markets May 2009 MSCI Trinidad & Tobago Index From Standalone to Frontier Markets May 2009 MSCI Jordan Index From Emerging to Frontier Markets November 2008 MSCI Lithuania Index From Standalone to Frontier Markets November 2008 MSCI Serbia Index From Standalone to Frontier Markets November 2008 MSCI Sri Lanka*** From Standalone to Frontier Markets November 2007 MSCI Venezuela Index**** From Emerging to Standalone May 2006 MSCI Greece Index From Emerging to Developed Markets May 2001 MSCI Portugal Index From Emerging to Developed Markets November 1997

*As of the close of the last business day of the month; **Pakistan was removed from the MSCI Emerging Market Index in December 2008 and maintained as a standalone country index; ***Sri Lanka was removed from the MSCI Emerging Markets Index in June 2001 and maintained as a standalone country index; ****Index was discontinued on January 2, 2008.

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• 4. Characteristics of Emerging Markets

Two important characteristics when valuing assets in EMs

• Information available about the investment
• Risk of the investment relative to global markets

Size, transparency & liquidity of a market have important implications for state & accessibility of relevant data The quality & amount of available information also varies among emerging countries

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Macroeconomic Characteristics

• EMs have higher levels of income & financial market

depth than FMs; but EMs have lower GDP per capita & lower investable market cap than DMs

• Difference between EMs & DMs much greater than

between FMs & EMs

• EMs fall just below DMs ⇒ most are upper-middle

income countries (World Bank) & ratio of market cap to GDP is at upper end of economies outside developed world

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Macroeconomic Characteristics

(Nominal GDP per Capita for EMs & DMs)

1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 CAGR* EM Asia 1,407 2,659 3,743 3,549 5,475 7.00% EM Latam 2,203 3,325 4,623 3,426 6,680 5.70% EM Emea 3,069 3,375 4,613 4,848 9,059 5.6% Emerging Markets 2,226 3,120 4,327 3,941 7,071 5.9% Europe 13,872 22,084 23,035 23,840 40,266 5.5% Developed Markets 13,685 19,983 25,149 24,507 35,795 4.9%

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Macroeconomic Characteristics

(Real GDP Growth Rates for EMs & DMs)

1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 EM Asia 6.10% 7.00% 6.70% 3.40% 6.30% EM Latam 2.40% 2.30% 4.50% 0.70% 5.60% EM EMEA 3.3% 1.0% 2.9% 3.4% 5.3% Emerging Markets 4.1% 3.6% 4.7% 2.7% 5.8% Europe 2.4% 2.6% 2.6% 3.0% 2.6% Developed Markets 3.1% 2.8% 3.1% 3.0% 3.0%

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Measures of Market Size

(Relative market capitalization)

• EMs highest average market cap relative to FMs
• No clear pattern between EMs & DMs
• Clear distinction between FMs & EMs

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Measures of Market Size

(No. listed companies & company market cap)

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Measures of Market Size

(Openness of a market to foreign investment)

• S&P/IFCI index tries to capture global exposure of a

market ⇒ stocks legally & practically available to foreign investors

• Most common restrictions include
• Special classes of shares for foreign owners
• Sector ownership restrictions
• Limits on ownership by a single foreign investor
• Company ownership limits different from national

law

• National limits on aggregate foreign ownership

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Market Liquidity

• Tendency towards illiquidity ⇒ factor that differentiates

EMs from DMs

• Major consideration for investors in EMs ⇒ liquidity of

their financial positions

• Liquidity ⇒ ability to get in & out of investments quickly

& at low cost

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Transparency, Competitiveness & Corruption

• Transparency

Measure: Opacity Index / “O-Factor” designed by PwC

• Competitiveness

Measure: International Institute for Management Development (IMD) World Competitiveness Index

• Corruption

Measure: Corruption Perception Index (CPI) provided by Transparency International

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Risk & return characteristics of EMs

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Risk & return characteristics of EMs

Recommended Readings

• Hawksworth, J. and Tiwari, A. (2011): ‘The World in
• 2050. The accelerating shift of global economic power:

challenges and opportunities’. PwC, London

• Dimitrijevic, M. (2009): ‘Why the phrase emerging

markets no longer applies’. Financial Times.

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