Elena Volkova Institute for Monitoring of climatic and ecological - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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PARTICULARITIES OF ECOLOGICAL RISKS IN THE NORTH OF WESTERN SIBERIA

Elena Volkova

Institute for Monitoring of climatic and ecological systems SB RAS, Tomsk, Russia (elevolko@yandex.ru)

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ РИСКОВ НА СЕВЕРЕ ЗАПАДНОЙ СИБИРИ5

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northern central southern

Western Siberia is one of the largest plains in the world, it stretches for almost 2500 km from north

• n south and 2000 km from

west on east, with the area

• f around 3 million km2.

Northern territory occupies 70% from Western Siberia. The territory of Western Siberia can be divided into three major regions, by the degree of probability of ecologically dangerous situations: northern central southern.

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Large enterprises of the energy production sector, ferrous metal industry, oil-and-gas production, petrochemical and nuclear industry are located here. They, taken both separately and together, present real threat to environment and population living in it. Only in the Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous region, the area of petropolluted lands makes up over 35 thousand hectares, over 500 of oil torches burn away over 6 bln cub.m. of oil gas, over 4000 of emergency

• il leakages occurs in the oil pipeline systems annually.

Further growth of anthropogenic pressure on the region ecosystems can lead to a regional ecological catastrophe.

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Ecological risk is a probability of cumulative demonstration

• f dangerous and catastrophic consequences of

anthropogenic influence on the socioecological systems of the territory, in the conditions of considerable uncertainties between the elements of environment and society. The basic ecological risks: environmental risks; health risks. Ecological risk ER can be defined as a multiplication of probability of a dangerous event or process connected with anthropogenic activity of man (P), by the magnitude of expected damage (Q), where the damage is equal to the consequences of harmful anthropogenic or natural impact expressed in monetary form: ER = P × Q

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Some probability of a dangerous event or process on the Western Siberia territory 50 … 200 Forest fire 40 … 60 Strong wind, hurricane 10-6 … 10-7 Radio-active damage 50 … 150 Bio-social state of emergency 50 … 100 Damage on a pipeline Relative frequency per year Dangerous events Consequences of harmful anthropogenic or natural impact expressed in monetary form 1000 Natural state of emergency 600 Bio-social state of emergency 5 000 Technogenic emergency dollars Property damage Criteria of the beginning natural and antropogenic risk on the northern territory of Western Siberia

26 10 more 10 Accident rate 30 75-90 more 90 Specific gravity

• f sewage

waters, % 0,1 5-10 more 10 Pollutant emissions into atmosphere, ton /per km2 15-20 more 25 20-25 Strong wind, m /per second 2-5 more 5 2-5 The ravining depths, m /per year 1-2 3,5-5 1-3,5 Soil freezing, m 70-90 70 - 30 70 - 90 Time interval with 100C, days/per year By critical situation Critical situation Average for Western Siberia Meaning of risk factor Factors of risk

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Major factors of negative impact on the environment, when conducting exploration, preparation and production works on the oil and gas fields and pipelines, are the following: q pollutant emissions into atmosphere; q influence of sewage waters on land forms and natural water formations; q mechanical disturbances of soils and soil covers; q changing of established conditions of heat-and- moisture exchange on the surface of permanently frozen beds; q changing of hydrological and hydro-geological conditions of the territory; q impact on flora and fauna. q activization of cryogenic processes, increase of degassing.

In the northern area oil-and-gas industry facilities are most significant and sometimes the only sources of man’s influence on the

• environment. Ecological risks on

this territory are high enough.

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The wetlands are typical for northern territory. Negative consequences are amplified by the conditions of swamping and permafrost, where the slightest impact on the environment sometimes causes enormous damage, as the processes of landscape transformations much faster than in other territories.

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Tomsk Yujmenj Khanty Manciysk

• Surgut

Salehard

Khanty-Manciyskiy ANA Yamalo-Nenetskiy ANA

Large administrative formations located on the northern territory of Western Siberia – Yamalo-Nenetskiy and Khanty-Manciyskiy autonomous national areas, Tujmenj, Tomsk

• blasts. The difficulty in controlling

ecological risks consists in complex scheme of responsibility sharing between the federative subjects, as each of the administrative divisions has its own local budget and own ecological normative-legislative base. As a result, it is difficult to calculate ecological risks and to organize the works on the liquidation of consequences of ecological disasters for the entire Western Siberia region.

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Aleksandrovskoe

Podgornoy

Chasemto Parabel

Togur

Kolpashevo

Mogochino Molchanovo Big Griva

Kargasok

Us t-Tym Middle Vas ugan Lis isa Baturino New Tevriz Sos novka Kedrovyi Centeralny Pervopashins k Novonikolaevskoe Nazino Lukas hkin Jar Molodegnyi Kievskiy New Vas ugan Valjginkinak Krivos heino

Bakchar

Koms

• mols

k Pervomais koe As ino Itatka Ujuks a Red Jar

Zurjanskoe Stregevoy

Chet-Kontorka Cenrtepoligon Beregaevo

Teguldet

White Jar Samus Morjakovs ki Zaton Melnikovo

Kogevnikovo

Kaftanchikovo Timirazevo

Tomsk

Jar Bazoy Chilino C h u z i k lake Mirnoj Chaj Parabel O m e l i c h

Ket

Chuljm Shigapka Salat V a s u g a n Nurolka Berezovka

Ket

Vasugan

Ob

Tym

S a n g i l k a

K i e v s k i y Y a g a n Pokovskiy Jagan V a r t a v s k a y Larjegan N i z i n s k a j T r a i g

• r
• d

s k a j Emeljdga P a r g i b Bakchar A n d a r m a Iksa Shegarka Kelvat O r l

• v

k a E g

• l

j a h C h i c h k a j u l U l u j u m T

• m

Ob

White Jar

Optimum on interfluve Favourable conditions on watershed

Сonditions for habitation

Limited favourable conditions on flood-lands Limited favourable conditions on meadows Unfavourable low

• n

land Bad on the shallow of water

Ecological risks on northern territory of Western Siberia depend on conditions

• f the natural environment in many respects. Natural and weather conditions

here are non-favorable for the population. In the north they are extremely

• adverse. Map shows geographic areas in Tomsk oblast with different

environmental condition for life activity.

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In the north of Western Siberia, general health of the population, according to many generalized systematic indicators, is poor, which testifies to negative processes in the environment. The medical-geographical analysis of the population disease rates reveals regional heterogeneity: the integrated general disease rate indicators in separate territories show 1000-7500 diseases for each 100 000 of the population. Of all types and classes of diseases, about 20% is connected with environment and its contamination.

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In the north of Western Siberia, about 2 million people live in conditions of raised concentrations of weighed substances in the air, and 10% of them are affected by the concentrations of harmful substances exceeding maximum permissible levels. Table shows connection of environment factors and main diseases.

Atmospheric air pollution by carcinogens; hypertoxicity; composition and rigidity of the drinking water; high radiation; foodstuff contamination by pesticides and nitrates. Malignant neoplasms Deficit or abundance of trace elements in environment; atmospheric air pollution by chemical element in combination with natural factors. Skin diseases Air pollution; composition and rigidity of the drinking water. Allergic diseases Territory endemicity on chrome, cobalt, iron; foodstuff and water contaminations by pesticides and nitrates. Blood diseases Atmospheric air pollution by chemical element, especially monoxide; heavy metals pollution. Endocrine diseases Foodstuff and water contaminations by chemical weed-killers; territory endemicity on trace elements; atmospheric air pollution by chemical element, especially sulfur dioxide. Gastrointestinal diseases Atmospheric air pollution by chemical element, dust, sulfur and carbon monoxide; speed of weather changing; air pollution by pesticides. Respiratory apparatus diseases Atmospheric air pollution by chemical element; composition and rigidity of the drinking water; territory endemicity on trace elements; foodstuff contamination by pesticides. Circulation of the blood diseases The environment factors Class of diseases

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Conclusion

Summing up, we can say that the impact on the environment caused by the economic activities in the north of Western Siberia is ever growing and acquiring a threatening character, rendering essential negative influence on natural ecosystems and reducing their natural potential. As a result of unreasonable economic activities, almost irreversible changes of the environment have occurred on the considerable areas, which have caused essential deterioration of the population health, exhaustion of natural and resource potential of the territory. In order to reduce the negative impacts of pollution on the environment and population health, a scientifically grounded ecological policy is needed, as well as policies focused on health protection and solving of priority problems. First of all, measures must be taken to lower the anthropogenic loads on natural ecosystems, to reveal and analyze the factors of technogenic influence on the population health.

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Thanks for Your attention

Contact Us Phone: (3822)492223 Email: elevolko@yandex.ru