Electric Vehicles By Kody Baker, P.Eng, and John A Foster, P.Eng - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Electric Vehicles

By Kody Baker, P.Eng, and John A Foster, P.Eng October 25, 2013

Outline

• Introductions (John, Kody, Presentation)
• Growth

○ vehicles now, future, battery tech

• Charging standards, incentives, regulations
• Grid Impact

○ v2G Lite

• Cradle to Grave lifecycle analysis

○ Carbon footprint for BC and elsewhere ○ Trip and usage analysis

• Q&A

Introductions

• Kody: Has managed EV projects with REV

Technologies and now Perkuna Engineering.

○ Military Microgrid w/ V2G, Airport GSE, Mining...

• John: Produced Neighbourhood EV’s at

Dynasty Electric Car, now with ClearLead Consulting;

○ Energy DSM for Buildings, Marine, EV

Introduction

• What is an EV?

○ Not a hybrid! BEV - Battery Electric Vehicle ○ Well, maybe. PHEV - Plug-in Hybrid EV ○ 2 wheels, 4 wheels … 100 wheels

• Why EV’s?

1st Age of EVs

2nd Age of EVs (1990-2005)

3rd Age of EVs (2008+)

The 2nd to 3rd Age of EVs

GM EV1 (1997) Nissan Leaf (2008) Tesla Model S (2012) Battery Type Lead Acid & NiMH Lithium-Ion Lithium-Ion Battery Size 16.5 kWh 24 kWh 85 kWh Range 100 km 150 km 430 km Charging Standard Proprietary J1772 L2 & CHAdeMO Proprietary, with adapters available Charging Power 1 kW 6.6 kW 90 kW Price $35k $28k+ $65k+

Status Quo

Growth - Near Future

• New entrants: BMW, Audi, Toyota, Volvo…
• Cumulative EV Sales (as of July, 2013):

○ BC: 655 ○ Canada: 4,543 ○ USA: 140,955

• Annual sales of PEVs in 2022 projected:

○ BC: 33,200 ○ Canada: 230,479 ○ USA: 416,153

(Navigant Research forecast 3Q 2013)

Battery Tech

Charging standards

J1772 L2 J1772 L3 CHAdeMO Tesla (AC | DC) Voltage 240 VAC 200-600 VDC Up to 500 VDC 240 VAC | 400 VDC Max Current 80 A 400 A 125 A 84 A | 300 A Max Power 19.2 kW 240 kW 62.5 kW 20kW | 120 kW Typical Power 4.8 - 6.6 kW N/A 44 kW 10 kW | 90 kW

Incentives

BC EV Incentives:

• Organized by the BC Clean Energy Vehicle

Program (www.cevforbc.ca)

• Available until March 31, 2014
• $5000 incentive towards vehicles
• $500 incentive towards home EVSE

Also available: $4500 for MURB EVSEs

Previous Incentives

• $2.7 million Community

Charging Infrastructure Fund

• Results: 456 Level 2

EVSEs installed across BC

MURB=Multi-Unit Residential Buildings (apartments)

Current regulations: BC Electric Code: each EV circuit rated as continuous Extremely costly to retrofit for many EV’s Future: could load-share by wireless New buildings in Vancouver: 20% of stalls must have receptacles (L1) + space in electrical room for 100%

Regulations: MURB Charging

Grid Impact

Generation demand

• Demand: Mostly at night
• Distribution: Local clusters
• Capacity: 15% increase if all cars→ EV’s

Grid Impact - V2G

• Can improve the efficiency, stability, and

reliability of a grid

• A V2G-capable vehicle offers reactive power

support, active power regulation, tracking of variable renewable energy sources, load balancing, and current harmonic filtering.

• These technologies can enable ancillary

services, such as voltage and frequency control and spinning reserve.

Carbon footprint for BC

Cradle to Grave lifecycle analysis

What do we want:

10% or 10X?

10% increment or factor of 10 improvement?

Car Carbon in BC: EV vs ICE

Life Cycle CO2: EV Car: 16 Tonnes (Hydro power) vs Escalade: 163 Tonnes Factor of 10x! Sounds great! … but this is only in the most extreme case

Outside BC - coal fired EV’s: ~ 10% better than ICE? (Colorado; 67% coal, 23% NG) → EV cars do not make any appreciable difference to Climate Change … without a shift to renewables

Car Carbon Lifecycle: EV vs ICE

GHG ENERGY

Effects of Occupancy and Speed

Electric mobility choice:

• EV cars: only 10% improvement
• EV transit and eBikes: Factor of 10 improvement
• Locking in to EV cars prevents 2)
• Hyperloop: > 10x?

Cradle to Grave lifecycle analysis

Bicycle: 10x to 100x less energy than car

Hydro electricity + LiIon batteries takes

4 times less energy than human pedalling!

due to energy in food processing and transportation (local organic diet is about on par with hydro electric)

Lemire-Elmore, Justin. (2004). “The Energy Cost of Electric and Human-Powered Bicycles.” (Includes battery embedded energy.)

eBikes

Trip and Usage Analysis

• Median commute distance in BC: 6.5 km
• Average commute time in BC: 23.4 min.
• 93.4% of all BC commutes under 60 minutes

Key Takeaways

• Questions -

APEGBC DEERE

(Division of Efficiency and Renewable Energy)

How to get involved:

http://www.apeg.bc.ca/services/divisions/deere/index.html

Contact Info

Kody Baker, P.Eng kbaker@perkuna.com John Foster, P.Eng john@clearlead.ca

References

http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1087416_plug-in-electric-car-sales-in-canada-sep-2013-volt-repeat http://www.livesmartbc.ca/learn/emissions.html Barry Saxifrage: http://www.vancouverobserver.com/blogs/climatesnapshot/do-electric-cars-cause-more-or-less-climate-pollution- gasoline-cars-take-look?page=0,1 O’Regan, Moles, Jakeman, and Walsh “Comparison of CO2 emissions associated with motorized transport modes and cycling in Ireland.” Lemire-Elmore, Justin. (2004). “The Energy Cost of Electric and Human-Powered Bicycles.” http://www.ebikes.ca/sustainability/Ebike_Energy.pdf Mike Salisbury, Southwest Energy Efficiency Project Feb 2013 "Transportation Fuels for Colorado's Future" Jonn AXSEN* and Kenneth S. KURANI 2011, “Interpersonal influence within car buyers’ social networks” http://swenergy.org/publications/documents/Transportation_Fuels_for_Colorado_Feb_2013.pdf Patrick Condon, Eric Doherty, Kari Dow, Marc Lee and Gordon Price, April 2011 “Building Complete Communities and a Zero- Emission Transportation System in BC” http://ecoplanning.ca/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/CCPA-BC_Transportation.pdf http://www.teslamotors.com/blog/hyperloop Guy Impey 2013 “Electric Vehicle Charging – Impact Review for Multi-User Residential Buildings in British Columbia“ http://sustain.ubc.ca/courses-teaching/seeds/seeds-library